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אֵ֣לֶּה תוֹלְד֧וֹת הַשָּׁמַ֛יִם וְהָאָ֖רֶץ בְּהִבָּֽרְאָ֑ם בְּי֗וֹם עֲשׂ֛וֹת יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶ֥רֶץ וְשָׁמָֽיִם׃
Вот история сотворения небес и земли, в день создания Господом Богом земли и небес.
Rashi on Genesis
אלה THESE [ARE THE GENERATIONS] — “These” means those that are mentioned above.
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Ramban on Genesis
THESE ARE THE GENERATIONS OF THE HEAVEN AND THE EARTH WHEN THEY WERE CREATED. Scripture now relates the account of the heaven and the earth as regards rain and growth after they had been created and put in proper order, that the heavens shall give their dew276Zechariah 8:12. and rain, and the ground shall give her increase,276Zechariah 8:12. these making possible the existence of all living beings. And in the word b’hibaram (when they were created) — [which could be read as if it were two words: b’hei baram] — Scripture alludes to what the Rabbis have said:277Menachoth 29b., “He created them with the letter hei” [which is the last of the four letters of the Tetragrammaton]. It is for this reason that Scripture until this point mentioned only the word Elokim. This is explained in the verse: For all these things hath My hand made;278Isaiah 66:2. The last letter (hei) of the Tetragrammaton is in the Cabala considered the yad hashem (the hand of G-d). See my Hebrew commentary, p. 32. and so did Job say, Who knoweth not among all these, that the hand of the Eternal hath wrought this?279Job 12:9. This being so, the expression, in the day that the Eternal G-d made, refers covertly to the word bereshith (in the beginning).280See Ramban above at the end of 1:1 and see also Note 64.
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Sforno on Genesis
אלה תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם. These are the plants and the living creatures which had been the potential derivatives of heaven and earth already at the time when heaven and earth were first created. The potential ability for heaven and earth to produce the inhabitants of their respective domains was inherent in their respective composition from the first moment of their existence. When the Torah, in its very first verse, wrote the words את השמים and את הארץ, this was already an allusion to the additional factors which had been created together with heaven and earth, i.e. their ability to produce their respective derivatives.
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Or HaChaim on Genesis
2.4. אלה תולדות השמים והארץ. These are the developments of the heavens and the earth. Our sages have already explained this verse homiletically. However, the plain meaning of the verse is not known.
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Radak on Genesis
אלה תולדות השמים והארץ, the word אלה refers to the phenomena mentioned during the 6 “days” of creation. Even though we have been told that G’d created the universe, as is clear from the verbs ויברא and ויעש all referring to G’d Himself doing these things, so where did the derivatives, תולדות come from? The Torah means that indeed G’d had created all these, but He had employed intermediaries, i.e. heaven and earth to whom He had issued directives. In Bereshit Rabbah 12,7 we are told לכל יש תולדות, everything has derivatives. We know that heaven and earth have derivatives. Rain has derivatives as it says in Job 38,28 do you know who is the father of rain, do you know who sired dew? [The concept being described is that none of these phenomena created themselves but were the product of something preceding them. Hence all phenomena that we perceive are derivatives of heaven or earth, which alone had been created by G’d directly, without intermediaries. Ed.]
Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said that pearls are derivatives of dew; he referred to the bedolach mentioned in verse 12 of our chapter. Basically, the message of our verse is that everything that does produce derivatives, offspring, is itself slated to die and to disintegrate. This fact is proof that it is a creature and not a creator. On the other hand, if a phenomenon in the universe does not produce derivatives, this is proof that the phenomenon is not mortal, not subject to dissolution but that we are faced with a Creator and not a creature. Rabbi Azaryah in the name of Rabbi added that Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish’s comment was directed toward heaven, i.e. seeing that G’d is eternal and not subject to disintegration He needs no derivatives, “offspring” in order to perpetuate Himself. Everything which is a visible phenomenon is a derivative of either heaven or earth, seeing that the Torah commenced with the words בראשית ברא אלוקים את השמים ואת הארץ “First, G’d created heaven and earth.”
בהבראם, on the very day G’d created the heaven it already began to produce derivatives . This is the meaning of the words: ביום עשות ה' אלוקים ארץ ושמים. This is a reference to the day on which G’d confirmed that heaven was to be the upper waters, rakia, and earth was to be the dry land, yabashah. Starting with that day, heaven and earth each produced derivatives, i.e. a process of evolution began, one that followed rules set by G’d. The meaning of the word ביום is that this occurred simultaneously, i.e. both heaven and earth began this process on the same day, as we explained on Genesis 1,6. Our sages explained the reason for the minuscule letter ה in the word בהבראם as meaning that G’d had used the letter ה as His agent in creating the physical universe. (Bereshit Rabbah 12,10.) The peculiarity of that letter is that all the other letters in the Hebrew alphabet demand an effort to pronounce them, whereas the letter ה demands no effort. The use of this letter here symbolises that the work involved in creating the physical universe did not cause fatigue, etc., to the Creator.
ה' אלוקים, this combination of two names to describe G’d occurs here for the first time, not having occurred during the report of the creation. Our sages in Bereshit Rabbah 13,3 explain it as appropriate saying that now that the universe was complete, also G’d’s name had to be spelled out in full. Ibn Ezra writes (in his book יסוד מורא chapter 12 page 42) that seeing that in this world nothing is permanent and enduring except the soul of man, as long as man did not exist there was no point in revealing another facet to G’d’s name. The only aspect of G’d’s essence which was revealed until that point was the attribute of Justice, i.e. the attribute designed to instill awe in the creatures whom He had created.
The superior soul of man is called לב, heart; but the heart is both גוף and something over and beyond merely a physical organ pumping blood. It is called by a name describing something physical, seeing it is the original organ combining spiritual and physical features. Seeing that also all of G’d’s activities had been implemented by means of angels, disembodied agents at home in the celestial spheres, these angels bear His name אלוקים. The name Hashem was co-opted on account of man, i.e. on account of the superior essence of man, the soul, which is of an enduring eternal nature. Man, after all, represented the purpose of G’d creating the entire universe. There is a reason why the name Hashem has not simply replaced the attribute אלוקים used by the Torah to describe the Creator until now, until the birth of Kayin (man’s first derivative, תולדה). We will have more to say on this on chapter 4,1.
Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said that pearls are derivatives of dew; he referred to the bedolach mentioned in verse 12 of our chapter. Basically, the message of our verse is that everything that does produce derivatives, offspring, is itself slated to die and to disintegrate. This fact is proof that it is a creature and not a creator. On the other hand, if a phenomenon in the universe does not produce derivatives, this is proof that the phenomenon is not mortal, not subject to dissolution but that we are faced with a Creator and not a creature. Rabbi Azaryah in the name of Rabbi added that Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish’s comment was directed toward heaven, i.e. seeing that G’d is eternal and not subject to disintegration He needs no derivatives, “offspring” in order to perpetuate Himself. Everything which is a visible phenomenon is a derivative of either heaven or earth, seeing that the Torah commenced with the words בראשית ברא אלוקים את השמים ואת הארץ “First, G’d created heaven and earth.”
בהבראם, on the very day G’d created the heaven it already began to produce derivatives . This is the meaning of the words: ביום עשות ה' אלוקים ארץ ושמים. This is a reference to the day on which G’d confirmed that heaven was to be the upper waters, rakia, and earth was to be the dry land, yabashah. Starting with that day, heaven and earth each produced derivatives, i.e. a process of evolution began, one that followed rules set by G’d. The meaning of the word ביום is that this occurred simultaneously, i.e. both heaven and earth began this process on the same day, as we explained on Genesis 1,6. Our sages explained the reason for the minuscule letter ה in the word בהבראם as meaning that G’d had used the letter ה as His agent in creating the physical universe. (Bereshit Rabbah 12,10.) The peculiarity of that letter is that all the other letters in the Hebrew alphabet demand an effort to pronounce them, whereas the letter ה demands no effort. The use of this letter here symbolises that the work involved in creating the physical universe did not cause fatigue, etc., to the Creator.
ה' אלוקים, this combination of two names to describe G’d occurs here for the first time, not having occurred during the report of the creation. Our sages in Bereshit Rabbah 13,3 explain it as appropriate saying that now that the universe was complete, also G’d’s name had to be spelled out in full. Ibn Ezra writes (in his book יסוד מורא chapter 12 page 42) that seeing that in this world nothing is permanent and enduring except the soul of man, as long as man did not exist there was no point in revealing another facet to G’d’s name. The only aspect of G’d’s essence which was revealed until that point was the attribute of Justice, i.e. the attribute designed to instill awe in the creatures whom He had created.
The superior soul of man is called לב, heart; but the heart is both גוף and something over and beyond merely a physical organ pumping blood. It is called by a name describing something physical, seeing it is the original organ combining spiritual and physical features. Seeing that also all of G’d’s activities had been implemented by means of angels, disembodied agents at home in the celestial spheres, these angels bear His name אלוקים. The name Hashem was co-opted on account of man, i.e. on account of the superior essence of man, the soul, which is of an enduring eternal nature. Man, after all, represented the purpose of G’d creating the entire universe. There is a reason why the name Hashem has not simply replaced the attribute אלוקים used by the Torah to describe the Creator until now, until the birth of Kayin (man’s first derivative, תולדה). We will have more to say on this on chapter 4,1.
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Haamek Davar on Genesis
We have just explained that the purpose of Creation is for all people to recognize God as the Creator and Supervisor of the world and so fill the world with His glory. God sits in heaven, as it were, and judges every person according to his actions. All this is due to man because everything depends on his actions. Now we have already explained (H.D. Bereshit 1:26) that there are two distinct types of man. One is elevated man who acts on the earth like the angels act in heaven and the second is practical, worldly man. Both types are needed to make Creation complete. If all men were of the elevated type like Adam before the sin there could be no reward and punishment and God's glory and kindness would never be revealed. So man of the second type is the principle source of God's glory. Even so, the existence of elevated man among the multitude of practical men is also a source of God's glory. Since the two types of man are like different species, they both needed to be created during the sixth day. If Adam had not sinned on the sixth day there would have been no possibility of creating practical man later and the world would not have achieved its purpose. And if only practical man had been created, there would be no possibility of the new species "elevated man" ever coming into existence. If Adam had not been enticed to sin, God would have created a second man of the practical type. As it happened both species were created in the same person- first elevated man and after the sin, Adam himself was transformed into practical man. In this way an ideal world was achieved. All this is implied by the words "These are the results of the heavens and earth at the time of their creation."
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The Midrash of Philo
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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Siftei Chakhamim
Those mentioned previously. Rashi is answering the question: Why is nothing mentioned afterwards? Thus it must refer to the previously mentioned.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
אלה תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם וגו׳. Es kann dies nicht heißen: dies ist die Entstehung des Himmels und der Erde. Einmal bezieht sich אלה im Anfange eines Abschnittes in der Regel auf das Folgende; von der Entstehung des Himmels und der Erde wird aber nichts weiter berichtet. Sodann bezeichnet תולדות nicht die Eltern, sondern die Kinder. תולדת ישמעאל ,תולדת תרח ,תולדת נח ,תולדת אדם usw. ist nicht die Abstammung, die Herkunft Adams, Noas, Therachs usw. sondern: deren Nachkommen, die von ihnen Erzeugten. Endlich ist ja auch תולדה gerade der Ausdruck für die natürlichste, organische Erzeugung, während, wie wir gesehen haben, der Charakter בריאה, des freien Entstehens aus dem Willen Gottes, das spezielle Erschaffen aus nichts, also der gerade Gegensatz zu תולדה, für die Entstehung des Himmels und der Erde mit solchem Nachdruck hervorgehoben wird. Es gäbe keinen ungeeigneteren Ausdruck für diese Entstehung als: תולדה. Wir haben es daher lediglich für die Er- zeugnisse des Himmels und der Erde zu rechnen, und es umfasst dies Alles, was nun nach der Schöpfung sich durch das Zusammenwirken des Himmels und der Erde erzeugt. Es ist dies somit die Überschrift für die ganze, nach der Schöpfung vor unseren Augen entstehende Entwickelungsreihe der natürlichen Welterscheinungen. Sie sind allerdings die natürlichen Erzeugnisse des Himmels und der Erde, allein es wird uns bedeutsam hinzugefügt: בהבראם. Diese ganze Folgenreihe der Entwickelungen aus Himmel und Erde liegen in der Erschaffung; nicht aktiv, sondern passiv stehen Himmel und Erde zu diesen ihren Erzeugnissen, nicht als schaffende Gottheiten, sondern selber als Geschöpfe. Ihre Erzeugnisse erscheinen uns natürlich, weil sie sich nach den von uns als konstant wahrgenommenen Gesetzen ihrer Natur erzeugen; allein diese ihre Natur ist erschaffen, die Gesetze, nach denen sie wirken, erzeugen und entwickeln, sind ihnen von ihrem Schöpfer bei ihrer Erschaffung eingepflanzt, und alle תולדות השמים והארץ wareה gegeben בהבראם, und haben ihren Ursprung in ihrer Erschaffung. Diese Passivität des Himmels und der Erde bei ihren Erzeugnissen, — die hier durch das ה des נפעל^ ausgedrückt ist — ist nur dem denkenden Menschen offenbar. Der oberflächlichen An schauung aller Zeiten verschwindet diese Passivität. Das ה, die dem Himmel und der Erde für den denkenden Menschen aufgeprägte Passivität und weibliche Abhängigkeit ist ihrem Blick זעירא, verschwindend klein, wie daher auch nach der Massora dieses ה klein zu schreiben ist. Über das konstante mächtige Wirken des Geschöpfes entgeht ihnen der allmächtige Schöpfer, dessen Schöpferallmacht eben dieses konstante Wirken der Geschöpfe hervorgerufen. Über die תולדות entgeht ihnen הבראם. Wo sie נבראים erkennen sollten, beten sie בוראים an, und nur dem klaren Gedankenblick eines Abraham zeigt sich dieses ה, die geschöpfliche Abhängigkeit des Himmels und der Erde; das Erkennen dieses, dem gewöhnlichen Blicke verschwindenden ה war sein זכות, sein Verdienst, und ward ihm der Leiter zur Erkenntnis des Einen Schöpfers und Herrn des Himmels und der Erde. Gedanken, die dem Ausspruche der Weisen (בהבראם בזכות אברהם :(ב׳ר יב - (בהבראם sind auch die Buchstaben des Namens (אברהם) — zu Grunde liegen dürften.
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Chizkuni
'אלה תולדות השמים והארץ וגו, “these are the derivatives of heaven and earth, etc.; seeing that in the first chapter the Torah had been extremely concise on a number of aspects of the story of creation, the Torah now fills in some of these gaps, by explaining more about the “how” of that period. We have a statement by Rabbi Abahu, quoted in B’reshit Rabbah 12,3, according to which every time in the Holy Scriptures when a paragraph commences with the word: אלה, this is meant to indicate that a state of affairs which had been described as in effect previously, is no longer valid. On the other hand, if a paragraph commences with the word: ואלה, this is meant to indicate that what follows is a continuation of a state of affairs that already been in existence. The state of affairs that the word אלה in our verse is to supersede is that of tohu vavohu, chaos and darkness, which the Torah had introduced in Genesis. 1,2.
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Rashi on Genesis
‘תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם ביום עשות ה THESE ARE THE PRODUCTIONS OF THE HEAVEN AND OF THE EARTH WHEN THEY WERE CREATED, IN THE DAY THE LORD GOD MADE EARTH AND HEAVEN — The verse teaches you that all of them (the productions of heaven and earth) were created on the first day when God made earth and heaven. Another explanation of the word בהבראם: It may be divided as בה' בראם He created them with the letter ‘ה, as it is said, (Isaiah 26:4) כי ביה ה' צור עולמים “For in Jah, the Lord, is the rock of worlds”, which may be explained to mean (taking צור in sense of Former, Creator) “for by means of ב these two letters י ה of the Divine Name (יהוה) God formed the two worlds” (Menachot 29b), and this verse teaches that this world was created by means of the ‘ה — a suggestion that all created beings must descend to the nether world “to behold the pit” — the world being like this letter ‘ה , which is closed on all sides but open at the bottom, thus giving a way by which they must descend.
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Sforno on Genesis
ביום עשות ה' אלוקים ארץ ושמים, this potential was translated into an actual only on the day when G’d completed עשות, i.e. arranged in detail how these derivatives were to function and where and when. This occurred after the six “days” of creative activity. Only when that stage had been reached was G’d referred to in the Torah by His full name, i.e. ה' אלוקים.
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Haamek Davar on Genesis
Earth and Heaven were 'made' by virtue of their purpose being achieved by Man's transformation from 'elevated' to 'practical' on which everything depended. Earth appears here before heaven because the change which occurred on earth led to the change in heaven where God's Providence is determined by man's actions. The story continues by telling how it came to be that elevated man, who, like the angels in heaven, was not supposed to work the land, was banished from Eden and became practical man who works the land. This change achieved the purpose of creation- revelation of God's glory by His conduct of the world according to man's actions and His attributes. "The heavens are My throne and the earth is My footstool." (Yishayahu 66:1)
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Siftei Chakhamim
This teaches you that they were all... I.e., even the products of heaven and earth were created on the first day, as the verse states: “When they were created, on the day when Adonoy Elohim made.” You might ask: Earlier, on “Let there be lights” (1:14), Rashi wrote, “[All products of heaven and earth were created on the first day...] ‘with the heavens’ to include their products, ‘with the earth,’ to include its products.” [Why then does Rashi repeat it here?] The answer is: If not for this verse, I might think that the creation of heavens had its command, and each product of the heavens had its own command too — just as they each came to actuality on their own. Thus it is written here, “This is the history...” to teach that the products were created with the same command as the heavens. It is like wheat kernels sown on one day, and each kernel sprouts and emerges on its own, at its time.
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Or HaChaim on Genesis
It appears to me that the key lies in the fact that G'd had previously instructed the creatures i.e. heaven and earth respectively to also produce "offspring." The waters had been told to divide, to produce fish, etc, whereas the earth had been instructed to produce vegetation, mammals, etc. The Torah reiterates that what earth and heaven produce daily are only derivatives, תולדות, that there is nothing original about these phenomena so that we should not err and believe that both the waters and the earth possessed independent creative powers. Such an error would lead to heretic thoughts.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Allein dieser Gedanke an den schaffenden Gesetzgeber der Natur reicht noch nicht hin, um die ferneren Erzeugnisse des Himmels und der Erde verstehen und richtig würdigen zu lehren. Es wird uns noch ein Faktor gegeben, ohne dessen Würdigung wir die Dinge und Ereignisse nicht verstehen würden, er bildet den Inhalt der zweiten Hälfte des Satzes:
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Chizkuni
תולדות השמים. This is a reference to the luminaries and the stars as well as to all the phenomena that are part of the celestial regions, including fire (lightning) hail, tornados, etc.; However during the reign of King David, the latter succeeded in making most of these phenomena part of our terrestrial world. (Compare Talmud, Chagigah 12)
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Siftei Chakhamim
Another explanation of בהבראם... You might ask: Why is this “Another explanation,” a differing view? The first view did not explain the word בהבראם at all, and could thus agree with this explanation! The answer is: The first view relates בהבראם to the end of the verse, “When they were created, on the day.” But the second view relates it to the beginning of the verse, “The heavens and the earth בהבראם,” implying that He created them with the letter hey.
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Or HaChaim on Genesis
The reason that the Torah mentions only heaven and earth in this connection and not the waters is simply because the waters are part of שמים.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
ביום עשות ד׳ א׳ ארץ ושמים. Es heißt hier: עשיה, nicht: בריאה; es tritt uns ein neuer Gottesname ׳ה entgegen; und es wird die Erde vor dem Himmel genannt, während es sonst immer שמים וארץ, oder vielmehr השמים והארץ heißt. Versuchen wir uns zuerst über den Namen ׳ה zu verständigen. Wenn uns auch die tiefe Wesenheit Gottes, die darin niedergelegt ist, ewig unergründlich bleibt, so haben wir uns doch das zu vergegenwärtigen, was uns von der Bedeutung dieses Namens zugänglich sein soll. Schon die Weisen lassen ihn als מדת הרחמים, als die waltende Liebe Gottes begreifen, und zeigt schon dies, wie weitab der Begriff "Ewiger" von seiner eigentlichen Bedeutung liegt, und wie dieser Begriff, unter welchen man gemeinhin diesen Namen fasst, nicht im entferntesten ihm entspricht, geschweige ihn erschöpft. "Ewig" ist ein metaphysischer, transzendentaler Begriff, der kaum irgendwie eine praktische Beziehung zu etwas anderem, geschweige denn zu unserem Sein und Werden enthält. Ein Ewiges stellt sich uns als das in sich geschlossenste Dasein dar. Das von einem Wesen ausgesprochene Prädikat der Ewigkeit offenbart uns nichts als die Art seines subjektivsten Seins, und enthält nicht das leiseste Merkmal seines Wirkens und Waltens. Der Gedanke "Ewig" lässt unser Herz kalt und enthält nichts für unser Leben, ist somit außer aller Verwandtschaft mit מדת הרחמים. Der vierbuchstabige Gottesname, unter welcher Punktation auch immer gedacht — die überlieferte ist ja die des שם אדנות, mit welchem wir ihn aussprechen: stellt sich nicht als das Präsens einer intransitiven Kalform, sondern als das Futurum einer transitiven Piel- oder Hifil-Form der Wurzel היה dar, somit nicht: der Seiende, sondern: der Sein Spendende, auch nicht: der das Dasein gespendet Habende, sondern: der immer zur Spende neuen Seins Bereite, und das ist ja eben in tiefster Fülle: Gott ist nicht etwa der ewige "Alte der Tage", der, nachdem er die .מדת הרחמים Welt erschaffen, nun in die Tiefe seines ewigen Seins versunken ausruht; er ist אלקים er ist der lebendige, ewig waltende Gott, von dem nicht nur die ganze ,חיים ומלך עולם Vergangenheit stammt, der jeden kommenden Augenblick verleiht, der jeden kommenden Augenblick dem Erziehungsbedürfnisse des Menschen gemäß gestaltet, und der jeden Augenblick bereit ist — wie immer die Vergangenheit verscherzt wäre — aus der Fülle seiner allmächtigen Barmherzigkeit neues Dasein zu verleihen. ׳אלקי ist דין, ist der Gesetz und Maß und Ziel gebende Schöpfer und Ordner der Welt. Wäre in dieser Welt kein Mensch, kein mit Freiheit, somit auch mit der Möglichkeit des Abirrens begabtes Geschöpf, die Weltentwickelung bedürfte nicht der מדת הרחמים. Alle Geschöpfe außer dem Menschen bewegen sich unabweichbar in dem bei der Schöpfung ihnen angewiesenen Geleise, und alle תולדות השמים והארץ wären nur das Produkt der בהבראם vom gesetzgebenden Schöpfer ihnen eingeschaffenen Gesetze der Entwickelung und Ordnung. Mit dem freien, somit abirrungsfähigen, zu seiner hohen Bestimmung zu erziehenden Menschen tritt מדת הרחמים, die in barmherziger Liebe erziehende Gotteswaltung ein, die den Menschen und seine Welt trotz seiner Verirrung erhält, ihn über den Irrtum zur Wahrheit, über die Verirrung zur Pflichttreue leitet, ihm immer aufs neue Kraft zu neuem Dasein und neuer Zukunft zu verleihen bereit ist, und die תולדות שמים וארץ nach dem jedesmaligen Erziehungsbedürfnis des Menschen gestaltet. Diese, für die Erziehung des Menschen, nach seinem Verdienst und Bedürfnis, die Weiterentwickelung des Himmels und der Erde gestaltende Gotteswaltung war schon in dem לעשות des vorhergehenden Verses angekündigt, und sie ist es, die der Name ׳ה repräsentirt. Als אלקי׳ hat Gott Himmel und Erde geschaffen und ihre Entwickelung auf Gesetz und Ordnung gestellt; als ה׳ greift er in diese Entwickelung ein, gestaltet und leitet sie in jedem Augenblick, seinem Ziele, der Menschenerziehung, entsprechend. Dort, in der physischen Weltordnung, ist die Erde vom Himmel abhängig; hier, in der sittlichen Welt- waltung, für welche die physische ihr Dasein erhalten, ist der Himmel durch das jedesmalige Verhalten des Menschen auf Erden, somit der Himmel durch die Erde be- dingt. Dort heißt es überall השמים והארץ, hier ארץ ושמים, ^d יום עשות ד׳ א׳ ארץ ושמים ist eben der siebente Tag, an welchem Gott den Sabbat in die Schöpfung eingeführt, sein ganzes Werk des Himmels und der Erde für die Erziehung des Menschen zum Adam bereit gestellt, und dessen Bestand und Bestimmnng von der Verwirklichung dieser Erziehung abhängig gemacht. Denn mit dem Menschen tritt der Name ה׳ zu אלקי׳, und zwei Faktoren sind es, die die Weltentwickelung weiter gestalten: a. die von Gott bereits in der ursprünglichen Schöpfung gegebene gesetzmäßige Ordnung, b. die von demselben Gott mit Rücksicht auf das Verhalten der Menschen dieser Entwicklung in jedem Augenblicke gegebene Leitung. "Alle die natürlichen Erzeugnisse des Himmels und der Erde liegen hiermit einmal in ihrer ursprünglichen Schöpfung, und zweitens wurzeln sie in dem Tage, an welchem Gott die Entwickelung der Erde und des Himmels von der freien That des Menschen bedingte", und es ist der Name "ה׳ אלקי׳", der uns durch die Geschichte leitet.
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Chizkuni
והארץ, this is a reference to both living creatures, and all manner of vegetation on earth. ביום עשות, at the time when heaven and earth had first been created, i.e. on the first day. All of these phenomena mentioned already on the first day, G-d had completed during the following five “days.”
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Siftei Chakhamim
Here it teaches you... But without this verse, we would not know which world was created with hey, and which with yud. There is a difficulty with the second view: why does it say, “On the day when...”? Thus Rashi brought the first view. And there is a difficulty with the first view: Why does it say בהבראם, with a hey? Therefore Rashi brings also the second view. That is why both explanations are needed.
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Or HaChaim on Genesis
The word בהבראם may also be understood as בהם בראם, G'd created all these תולדות by employing heaven and earth as His agents.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
אלה תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם ביום עשות ד׳ אלקי׳ ארץ ושמים" , Dies sind die bereits in ihrer Erschaffung, mit dem Tage als ׳ד׳ א Erde und Himmel gestaltete, gegebenen Erzeugnisse des Himmels und der Erde" — dieser in die Weltgeschichte einleitende Satz ist gleichzeitig ein Protest gegen jede Vergötterung der Natur und gegen den Wahn, als ob die physische Gestaltung der Welt unabhängig sei von dem sittlichen Verhalten des Menschen. "ד׳ אלקים" öffnet uns den Blick in die physische und sittliche Weltordnung und Weltwaltung Gottes, in die Gänge Gottes in Natur und Geschichte. Jenen, den Schöpfer und Ordner der physischen Weltordnung, hatte Abraham, unbeirrt durch die תולדות השמים והארץ, eben dem Himmel und der Erde abzulauschen verstanden, als Gott ihn darum erwählte, um ihn nun auch den Namen ׳ה, Sein Walten in der Geschichte, Seine sittliche Weltordnung zu lehren. Sichtbar, נודע, ward dieser Name aber erst, als Abrahams Nachkommen zu einem Volke herangewachsen waren, dem alle Vorbedingungen zum Völkerdasein in Mitte der physischen Weltordnung fehlten, und das nur vermittelst seines in Hingebung an Gott gewonnenen sittlichen Verhaltens seine physische Volksexistenz aus Gottes Händen erhalten sollte. Israels ganze Ge- schichte ist eine Offenbarung des Namens n׳. Das Korrelat für den Begriff ה׳ ist unsere sittliche Unterordnung unter seinen Willen, die sittliche Hingebung unseres ganzen Wesens in seinen Dienst; es ist daher völlig entsprechend, dass wir ׳אדנ׳ :ה nennen. (Der Name ה׳ ist unübersetzbar. Wir haben uns damit begnügt, ihn in unserer Ubersetzung mit "Gott" in gesperrter Schrift als Nomen proprium zu bezeichnen, zur Unterscheidung von "Gott" als Übersetzung von אלקי׳, das mehr Attribut ist. Wir mußten aber dabei verzichten, die so bedeutsame Zusammenstellung der beiden Namen: ה׳ א׳ auch in der Übersetzung wieder zu geben.)
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Chizkuni
ביום עשות ה' אלוקים, “on the day the Lord G-d had completed;” now that heaven and earth had been completely built up, the Torah for the first time reveals G-d’s full name in accordance with the principle we have learned from Proverbs 14,28 that ברב עם הדרת מלך “when there is a multitude the king’s real honour becomes manifest.” We find this principle invoked also in B’rachot 49 where the Talmud says: ”one does not invoke the tetragram when preparing to recite grace after a meal unless there are at least 10 adult males present.”The author quotes Rashi as commenting on our verse that G-d, now that there were free willed human beings on earth, coopted the attribute of mercy so that He would not automatically have to destroy His universe when man sinned. This has been hinted at in the prefix letter ו before the line: 'וה שמים עשה, “and the Lord (by contrast) completed the heaven.” [This quote is not found in our editions of Rashi on this verse. Ed.]
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Siftei Chakhamim
Like the ה which is closed on all sides. See Menachos 29b for another reason.
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Chizkuni
ארץ ושמים, “earth and heaven.” Previously, in 1,1 the Torah had listed heaven before referring to earth. Midrash Tanchuma comments on this that when speaking of the creation of something out of nothing, i.e. the stage known as בריאה, heaven preceded earth chronologically, whereas when speaking of the completion of their coming into existence, earth was completed first.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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