Комментарий к Вайикра 26:10

You will eat old grain: Targum Onlekos translates the words "old grain" as atik of atik. This is like the hymn that invites the atika kadisha. On Shabbat, the divine comes down from the Old World (atik). When Moshiach will come, all days will be on the level of atik which why it says that all days will be like Shabbat. This is the meaning of "you will eat old grain": this refers to the mercy of Hashem that we must bring to this world. "You have remove the old grain for the sake of the new grain." Hashem renews each day with His goodness, and every person is created anew and Hashem must bring down His mercy to renew people in this world. Hashem has to bring out the mercy from atik, the old world.

ואכלתם ישן נושן AND YE SHALL EAT STORE OF FORMER YEARS (lit., ye shall eat old that has become old) — This involves a promise that the fruits (grain) will be fit to keep the whole year and will even be of such good quality as to become old, so that the old grain that has grown old, that which is in its third year, will be better for food than that of the last year (Sifra, Bechukotai, Chapter 3 1; cf. Bava Batra 91b).

ואכלתם ישן נושן, after the gentile nations have declined in numbers drastically, your farmers and your vine growers will increase and crops which had been sufficient for a year will become sufficient for a number of years. Not only will you have at your disposal quantity, but whatever you will grow yourselves will be a painless kind of farming, not backbreaking labour. (compare Psalms 72,16) and remember the saying of our sages in Baba Batra 90 that the land of Israel will grow ready made rolls for breakfast.

ואכלתם ישן נושן, "And you will eat old store, long kept." This is a promise that the harvest which has been stored will not rot or become worm-eaten. On the contrary, you will experience that it improves with age.

וישן מפני חדש תוציאו, from the granaries in order to sell it forthwith. Compare Deuteronomy 14,28 תוציא את כל מעשר תבואתך ונתתה ללוי, ”you shall bring out the full tithe of your yield of that year and give it to the Levite, etc.”

ואכלתם ישן נושן, “you will eat very old grain.” This is a promise that although you will keep increasing in numbers on the same amount of land, you will have enough grain left over at the end of a year so that even in the following year you will still eat from the previous year’s harvest.

Good [quality] to be aged. Rashi is answering the question: What blessing is it to “eat the old”?

ואכלתם ישן נושן, “you shall eat from stores long kept.” Seeing that you will have been blessed with abundant crops, so that at the end of the harvesting season you still have surpluses from the previous harvests, they will become mixed, and during each year you will eat from the proceeds of two harvests.

וישן מפני חדש תוציאו AND YE SHALL CLEAR OUT THAT OF THE FORMER YEARS BECAUSE OF THE NEW — because the threshing floors in the fields will be full of new grain while the granaries are still full of the old, so that you will have to clear the granaries out into another place in order to place the new fruit in them (for this requires a dry place to preserve them, while the old fruit has already become dry and may therefore be removed from the granaries) (Bava Batra 91b)

וישן מפני חדש תוציאו, you will have enough to eat relying on the previous year’s harvest, even though you export some of that harvest to help needy people of other countries to support themselves. We know that this was the function of this surplus from Isaiah 60,12 כי הגוי והממלכה אשר לא יעבדוך יאבדו, “any nation or government which will not serve You will surely perish.” The reason why Israel would export matters which are a lifeline for itself to pagan nations is because in the meantime they had already harvested the crop of the new year so that there was no reason to fear that any shortage would develop in their own country. Otherwise they would be bound by the edict of our sages in Baba Batra 90 that nothing vital is to be exported from Israel, meaning grain, oil, or grapes. (wine).

Full of new [crops]. Because new crops generally cannot remain on the threshing floor as they will rot if they remain there, and therefore they must put them in the storehouses.

וישן מפני חדש תוציאו, "and you will bring forth the old from before the new." You will not bring it forth because it has become too old and inferior, but because you have to make room for the new harvest. The reason the Torah wrote this here and not earlier when the goodness of the land of Israel is extolled is that the Torah wants to make the point that although the population keeps increasing this does not mean that there will be a contraction of the surplus experienced previously. There will still be so much that the people will eat the old rather than to have to eat the new harvest right away.

To empty the storehouses. Rashi does not say that they throw the old crops away, because what blessing would that be? In addition, how would they eat “the old store long kept”? Furthermore, that verse indicates that old crops are better than new. Therefore, the verse perforce means to take [the old crops] from the storehouse and put them somewhere else in the house. Because the storehouse preserves the new crops from rotting, whereas the old crops do not rot easily once a year has passed.