Kaisipang Hudyo sa Daniel 6:23: Akeidat Yitzchak & Guide for the Perplexed

Although it is a scientific fact that major physical phenomena are reversible, G-d’s ability to destroy earth proves that it had not always existed, that He had created it. Otherwise, whence would G-d have taken the power to destroy it? The fact that the reversals of certain phenomena are the product of G-d’s free will and did not happen of their own, needs to be demonstrated. The verse (Jeremiah 31,10) "He who disperses Israel will gather it in," which might indicate the opposite, when viewed superficially, does in fact not prove that such reversals occur automatically. Jeremiah does not refer to the ingathering as being an automatic corollary of a previous dispersal, but as an act of G-d requiring supernatural means. This is demonstrated clearly by the context of the whole chapter in which this verse appears. Shepherds do likewise with their flocks, and so does the Lord. Sometimes He scatters in order to discipline, sometimes He collects people. All this is due to G-d exercising benevolent Personal Providence. This is true also when such happenings occur as part of the shepherd's vocation. When we talk about natural phenomena, the same does not hold true. Gideon, who wanted to see if the wool which is naturally moisture absorbent could also be made moisture repellant at the will of G-d, had his wish fulfilled (Judges Chapter 6). Thereby the power of G-d to reverse the laws of nature which He Himself had formulated had been demonstrated. Similarly, King Hezzekiah (Kings II, chapter 20). When the king saw the shadow of the sun dial reversing itself, he had found proof of the Creator's ability to reverse the seemingly irreversible processes of nature. The story of the deluge also demonstrates that He who has established natural law can also reverse it. Thereby He proves that His existence had preceded the laws of the universe, else He could not have demonstrated mastery over these laws. G-d therefore is able to decree after the deluge that natural law shall not again cease to function normally. Summer, winter, heat, and cold will all alternate at predictable intervals, as stated in Genesis 8,22. Noach and his sons, having witnessed first a universe which functioned beautifully then a universe in the process of destruction and lastly a newly functioning universe, were the witnesses for all future generations of the truth of the claim that G-d had created the universe ex nihilo. According to the Talmud in Rosh Hashanah 11, the technical method that brought about the flood was the relocation of two stars forming the Pleiades. Even if mankind were to serve G-d, but under the mistaken impression that the laws of nature are immutable, such service of G-d would degenerate if man grew to believe that they were only in touch with intermediaries such as the sun and the moon, and that the Lord Himself would forever unconditionally allow these intermediaries to possess independent power which could not be curbed. At this point, the author engages in polemics against all those Jewish philosophers who, in common with their Greek counterparts, attempt to explain away most of the miracles. He singles out Ralbag especially. He defends the Rambam as having been wilfully misunderstood by some who read his commentary. He ascribes the tendencies of some commentators to rob the story of miracles of their fundamental value to two considerations. 1) No one can perform miracles that outclass those performed by Moses. 2) The beneficiaries of such miracles were not worthy of such far-reaching changes in nature to be performed for their sake. The Talmud Shabbat 53 relates that a husband whose wife died while leaving behind a small baby was in a predicament since he could not afford to hire a wet nurse to nurse the baby. A miracle occurred; the father's nipples produced milk on which the baby fed and survived. Rabbi Joseph views this as an extreme compliment to the father for whose sake such a great miracle was performed. Abaye, on the other hand, feels that it points out the unworthiness of the father, since G-d had to resort to supernatural means to supply the infant's needs. Nevertheless, the fact remains that the father's position was such that a miracle was not denied him, in order for him to fulfil his function of raising the infant. We have to view the role of pious men and prophets at various times in our history in a similar light. On the one hand, the generation of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai and of Rabbi Joshua ben Levi, were praised because there was no need for a rainbow to appear during their respective lives (Ketuvot 76). They were praised for the fact that no miracles were needed in their time. No doubt, had the need arisen, these men would have been able to call on the power of miracle to be used on behalf of their contemporaries. Jacob moved a rock meant to be removable only by a whole group of shepherds. On the other hand, when praying for victory against Amalek, Moses’ss hands were so weak they had to be supported. This does not make Jacob superior to Moses. Certain needs arise at certain times. Only at those times can it be determined whether a miracle is in place to meet those needs. Examples are numerous. Joshua's commanding the sun and moon to be arrested in their orbits, does not denigrate the powers of Moses one iota. Had Moses found himself in the same predicament Joshua had found himself in, he would have been able to perform a similar miracle. Even a Yehu, a king of Israel who had failed to remove the golden calves Jerobam had erected, was enabled to wipe out all the priests of the Baal singlehandedly, something none of those greater than he had been able to do. Elijah and Elisha revived the dead, feats not credited to Moses, yet no one puts down Moses’s abilities on account of that. If you will, the revelation at Mount Sinai, and Moses’ss role in it as well as the participation of the entire nation, so outclass and overshadow any miracles performed by anyone subsequently or prior to that, that Moses’ss honor as the prophet/miracleworker par excellence can never be called into question. At that time, Moses had been instrumental in a chidush ha-olam, a renewal of the universe, so to speak. What happened was such a thorough reversal of all natural laws that the work of later prophets pales into relative insignificance by comparison. If this were not so, the miracles predicted in Yoel chapters three and four, would not be capable of being performed without relegating Moses to an inferior position vis a vis the Messiah or whoever will be G-d’s instrument when the time comes to fulfil those prophecies. In fact, all subsequent miracles are ascribed by G-d to Moses, when G-d promises in Exodus 34,10 that all the miraculous acts which are yet to occur are based on what G-d does for, with, and through Moses. In Moses, as it were, rests the fountainhead of all miracles ever performed by any prophet after him. In all of the Torah, we do not find any events which would constitute fulfilment of G-d’s promise to Moses made at that point. Joshua 11,16 makes it clear that throughout his career as leader of the Jewish people, his role remained that of being Moses’ss disciple. Nothing he did is to be understood as being innovative. It may have been Moses’ss desire to personally carry out these miracles as demonstrations of G-d’s power, which prompted him to request permission from G-d to cross the river Jordan. G-d’s denial of this request was coupled with the assurance that indeed his disciple would perform such miracles, thus fulfilling G-d’s promise to Moses in Exodus 34,10. The instructions to Moses to invest Joshua with part of his own glory and Moses’ss subsequent action cause our sages to comment that whosoever leaves behind him pupils fit to take his place has not in fact died at all (Midrash on Numbers 26,20). Our sages have accepted the principle that the Torah occasionally employs language in the manner people do in their every day speech. Therefore, we find both exaggeration and hyperbole. This fact, however, is not sufficient reason to explain away the very miracles that demonstrate the power of the Creator. There is also no foundation for the assumption of some commentators that miracles involving extra terrestrial matters are of inherently greater significance than miracles involving behavior of phenomena that we are familiar with on earth. In fact, one could argue the reverse with at least equal persuasion. If one can change phenomena that occur on earth despite the fact that their celestial causes have NOT been altered, this is more remarkable than changing patterns of behavior by phenomena whose celestial causes have either been neutralised, interfered with, or have been reversed. If, for instance, someone's arm can stay the wheel of a watermill in spite of the fact that the flow and pressure of the stream that activates it has not diminished, this is more remarkable than halting such a wheel by stopping the flow of water to it. If Daniel told Darius that the angel of G-d shut the lions' mouths, this is more remarkable than if the angel had merely killed the lions. We have discussed such events in chapter fifteen, also in chapter thirty-eight, in connection with the Passover in Egypt. The statement in Deut.34,10 that there never arose another prophet comparable to Moses, does not refer to Moses’sd power as a performer of miracles, but to the fact that no one since ever attained the face to face relationship with G-d that the Torah testifies Moses had achieved. The effortlessness with which Moses performed miracles, as compared to the need of other prophets to engage in prayer beforehand etc., proves how much Moses was on G-d’s "wavelength," so to speak.

One of the wonders and axioms of nature is the fact that all things created earlier are inferior to those created later. Nature proceeds from the primitive towards the sophisticated. Man being the last in a string of creations is therefore the most perfect and the most sophisticated (Bereshit Rabbah 19). Rabbi Yehudah son of Rabbi Simon states that all things created subsequent to something else enjoy dominion over those things created prior to them. Man is therefore the most dominant creature, none daring to raise their heads against him. We do not observe fully-grown camels attack lion cubs or baby tigers, since in the order of things the species created earlier is instinctively aware of its inferior status vis a vis the products of a later stage of creation (Psalms 104,2). "How great are Your works, O Lord." The Talmud Shabbat 121 asks, "Why is it that a live baby does not need to be guarded against mice? The answer is that nature operates in such a way that even helpless, unarmed man is superior to the animals.” "The fear and dread of you will be on all living creatures of the earth." (Genesis 9,2). Natural laws apply on the assumption and with the proviso that man-- supreme creature that he is-- lives up to his purpose and abilities. Natural laws are suspended on the occasion when a miracle is performed. This can be due to part of mankind having lost "the image of G-d in which he was created," or to all of mankind having forfeited this image due to their collective sinful conduct. The miracle is in fact based on the covenant made by G-d with His entire creation that when the occasion arises, its subservience to the will of the Creator will be demonstrated by its deviating from its normal behavior. Generally, the "normal" behavior is proof that nature is not a deity, but that its conduct is controlled, not free. This "normality" is reversed on occasion in order to demonstrate the same point by nature's inverted behavior. The fact that nature, after having once "run wild," returns to its usual pattern is proof that the very deviation was due to the will of G-d. Example is Exodus 14,27, "The sea returned to its normal state at the turn of morning." There are numerous other examples of this. When nature acts totally out of character on a prolonged regular basis, that fact reflects on the state of man. When the animal kingdom has observed man acting animalistically, it ceases to show obeisance to man, and the rules we read in this Parshah concerning the natural awe that animals display for humans no longer apply. The same is true of such phenomena as wind, fire, and water, all of which demonstrate their destructive potential against man under such circumstances. Had man lived up to his destiny, those elements would not represent any danger to us, and harnessing their useful potential would not be a struggle, but they would willingly put all their power at our disposal. A king whose closest advisors act rebelliously cannot expect loyalty and obedience from the populace at large. Similarly, disobedience by man against G-d leads to corruption in other sections of the universe, right down to the basic elements. When Hillel said, "When I am present, everyone is present" (Sukkah 53), what he meant was, "When man is O.K.,every thing is O.K.," i.e. all other creatures and parts of the universe behave predictably and beneficially. When the leaders of the people behave in exemplary fashion, the population at large is apt to emulate such behavior. The reverse is true also. This is why the Talmud in Shabbat 151 interprets Psalms 49,13, "But man with all his honor will not outlast the night," to mean that under the adverse conditions man has created himself, he will not be better off than the beasts. When stating that lions do not attack humans when there are at least two humans-- and the observation is made that we know from experience that this simply is not so-- the Talmud answers that this only proves that the men who have been attacked by the lions lacked the qualities that make up the kind of person who is entitled to enjoy mastery over the beasts. The tribes of Reuben and Gad exhorted Joshua to "be strong and brave." The first time they refer to the self confidence he needs to display as a leader. The second time they refer to the mastery over inner temptations he must acquire in order to command the unswerving loyalty and obedience of the people (compare Joshua chapter 1). While he had been in the ark providing for all the animals, Noach-was protected, although the animals had previously been corrupted through the perversion of mankind. When Isaiah describes his vision of the lion eating straw, this refers to the restoration of a state of nature as had occurred after the deluge in Parshat Noach (Isaiah 11,7). When the lions fail to attack Daniel in the den, this is merely a demonstration of the natural order of things, the lions having become sensitive to the type of man who faced them (Daniel chapter 6). Daniel describes the impotence of the lion against him as being a result of his upright behaviour towards G-d and his loyal conduct vis a vis the king. Not having eaten any treyfah food or drunk prohibited wine intended for pagan libations was part of the control over the evil urge that Daniel had exercised. This had imprinted on his face the aura of being a moral man, something animals can sense. The same idea is true concerning other elements of nature that can hurt or even destroy man. Such destruction, if and when it occurs, is due only to man's corruption and nature's subsequent insensitivity to man. Chananyah and his companions were unharmed by the fire in the furnace Nebuchadnezzar had thrown them into, because they, like Daniel, represented man as envisaged by G-d. They had therefore been able to hold nature in check. The discussion cited in Pessachim 118 between the angel in charge of hail and Gabriel illustrates our point. The angel in charge of hail had volunteered to quench the fire in the furnace. Gabriel replied that this would not be meaningful since water, the natural enemy of fire, would simply have been viewed as having had the upper hand over the fire in the furnace. However, the angel Gabriel being the angel in charge of fire, would descend and, while heating the furnace from the outside, cool the inside, and thus save the three men. This would be a far more convincing miracle. When Abraham had been thrown into Nimrod's furnace, G-d handled his salvation personally, drawing a parallel between His own uniqueness and the unique personality of Abraham the monotheist. Abraham deserved to be saved by the One and Only One whom he served directly. The reverse can be true also. The wild ass that bit Rabbi Chaninah died of its bite, since it had attacked a man who had been free from sin (Berachot 33). As the latter proclaimed, "Death is not caused by the snake but by sin." Kings I Chapter 20, tells of an incident when someone not normally afraid of lions due to his superior moral level was nonetheless killed by a lion as a penalty for having disregarded the order of a prophet.

The ten crowns in the Talmudic passage referred to have hardly been chosen at random. Since the erection of the tabernacle and all that pertained to it represented a microcosm of the larger world, the macrocosm, these crowns may symbolize the ten directives we have listed in Chapter three. They were the directives used by G-d in creating the universe. They were: 1) Essence. They are then followed by nine directives moderating the Essence: 2) Quantity. 3) Quality. 4) Directional. 5) Time frame. 6) Relative condition when compared to a state of perfection. 7) Relation to other phenomena. 8) Effect on other phenomena.9) Impressionability by other phenomena. 10) Its rationale, its attributes. The ten crowns would be these: 1) It was the first day of creation. 2) It was the first day the princes began to present their offerings. 3) It was the first day that the priesthood operated. 4) The first day of public sacrificial service. 5) The first day Heavenly fire descended to consume the offerings. 6) First time priests were permitted to eat of the meat of the sacrifices. 7) The first day the shechinah took up residence on earth. 8) The first time Israel received a collective blessing. 9) The first time altars outside the tabernacle were forbidden as a site of sacrificial offerings. 10) It was the first day of the months the years are counted by. Crown one may be viewed as symbolizing directive 6, describing the relative condition of phenomena compared to their perfect states. Crown two, the princes' offerings, may parallel directive 3, i.e. quality. Crown three, priesthood, may parallel directive 7, relative relationships. Crown four, sacrificial service, may parallel directive 8 , impact on other phenomena. Crown five, the descent of Heavenly fire, may parallel directive 1, the Essence. Crown six, eating of sacrificial meat, may parallel directive 10, describing ownership relations, G-d relinquishing some of what is His. Crown seven, the presence of the shechinah on earth, may parallel directive 4, i.e. the "directional." Crown eight, Israel receiving a collective blessing, is parallel to directive 9, describing impressionability by outside phenomena. Crown nine, prohibition of private altars, parallels directive 2, dealing with quantitative relationships. Crown ten, the first of Nissan being the beginning of the months of the calendar, is parallel to directive 5, governing the time frame that the universe operates in. All the foregoing teaches that these ten directives were sufficient to ensure that the world is run according to natural law. What had happened at the time the human species was created repeated itself at the consecration of the tabernacle for the Jewish people, exclusively. At that time, guidelines were given how a Torah personality was to develop and what its function was to be in this world. This is the reason the sages decreed that a special paragraph of this story was to be read on a special day in public, i.e. parshat hachodesh. It signifies major differences between Jew and gentile (Megillah 29). It is surprising that the Torah did not set aside and proclaim publicly the universe's birthday (Rosh Hashanah), but camouflaged it by calling it "the first of the seventh month shall be a day of rest, remembrance of the blowing of the ram's horn" (shofar). The reason must be that the Torah wants to emphasize the miraculous guidance at times, as evidenced in the chapter about the month of Nissan. This in preference to stressing natural cosmic forces, at work most of the time. As G-d said in our parshah, "In order to tell My Name." It is well known that the Egyptians worshipped the ram, the sign of the ram being the month of Nissan. They invoked this sign in order to dominate others, Jews in particular. The sign of the ram, which according to natural law should have been the Egyptians' patron, protector, would now be turned into acting as their adversary. "This month, (moon, sign of the zodiac) is for you." It now becomes the friend of the Jewish people. Other Egyptian practices are discussed in Chapter 54. Using or abusing the lamb was forbidden in Egypt on pain of death. Now the tables would be turned. Jews openly committed blasphemy on Egyptian deities, enslaved them, i.e. imprisoned their Passover lamb for four days in public, tied such lambs to their bedposts, and no Egyptian seemed able to do a thing about such desecration of what they held sacred. This lamb was slaughtered in full daylight, its blood smeared on the door posts of the homes of the Israelites. So that every Egyptian should be aware of this lese majeste, it cannot be submerged in a kettle or pot by being boiled, but must be broiled on a spit over an open fire. It cannot first be cut up, so that it might more easily be kept out of sight, but must be broiled while whole. When the leftovers were burned and denied to dogs, the latter did not even make a sound. The astrologers or magicians no doubt had realized on the tenth of the month already that their whole world had undergone an upheaval, even though actual consumption by the Jews of the lambs was not to occur until the full moon of the night from the fourteenth to the fifteenth of the month. The fact that only perfect specimens of the male rams were used, further emphasized the impotence of the Egyptian's deities to do anything to save themselves from the clutches of the Israelites. All this is an explanation of the sequence of events in Chapter twelve. This is followed by the prediction of the slaying of the Egyptians' firstborns. The slaying of the firstborn was timed to coincide with the hour at which the power of their deity was supposed to be at its zenith (midnight of the middle of the month). This demonstrated that the G-d of the Israelites can perform at all times, even at the hour most advantageous to any would-be challengers. The judgments were carried out at night to demonstrate that G-d did not need any agents such as the sun whose function it is to rule nature by day. The line "anee ve-lo malach,” does not mean "only I and no agent," but rather "I am personally involved," and am not leaving all this to My usual agents. G-d supervised the slaying of the firstborn together with all His regular agents. Possibly, when our sages interpreted "I and not a messenger, I and not a Seraph, I and not an angel, I and no one else" (Hagaddah shel Pessach), they had in mind that death normally occurs when one of the four basic elements (wind, water, fire, dust {earth}) is denied a living creature. The Torah underlines that the firstborn of Egypt were not denied any of these four elements, and yet they died. This points toward the direct involvement of G-d, i.e. the use of supernatural means to carry out His will. Lo Saraph means heat was not denied. Lo Malach means wind, air was not denied. Lo Shaliach means that water was not denied (G-d sends water on the face of His universe. Job 2 is proof that the word shaliach is used to describe water). Lo Acher, earth, dust was not denied (compare the meaning of acher in Leviticus 14,42). This blood will be a sign for you," on your houses i.e. it will not serve as a sign for G-d. This is not like in the case of the spies Joshua had sent out, and who instructed Rahab to identify her house for the army of the Israelites by fastening a red thread outside the wall of her house (Joshua 2). It is certainly not G-d who needs to learn how to distinguish between Jew and gentile. The blood on the doorposts was to be the outward sign of the Jew's inner attitude, the blood that signalled he had identified with the covenant that existed between him and the G-d of Abraham. The selection of the believing Jew as the one fit to be redeemed resulted in the commandment to make and guard matzot. The requirement to remove leavening from the dough (Berachot 17) is symbolic of removing the ingredient that undermines and corrupts our character development and beliefs. The three fold karet, i.e. extinction penalty, that is spelled out in connection with non obeservance of this legislation (once on pessach sheyni) is a) to warn us about alien philosophies (thoughts); b) expressing such thoughts orally; c) translating such thoughts and words into deeds. We begin the "search" for chametz before the holiday approaches, in order to become imbued with the holy spirit; this then becomes a statute that is to be observed throughout the generations.