Mga Sanggunian sa Talmud para sa Deuteronomio 24:13: Jerusalem Talmud Peah, Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia, Bava Batra & Makkot

King Monobaz⁸⁶A king of Adiabene, in modern Kurdistan, who converted to Judaism together with his mother Helena during the last century of existence of the Second Temple. In the parallel sources, Tosephta Peah 4:18, Babli Baba batra 11a, it is spelled out that he spent his treasures on emergency relief during a famine. Hence, the story here does not contradict the rule, declared as much older than Usha, that one should not give away more than one fifth of one’s property. It is rather an endorsement of deficit spending by the government during times of emergency. distributed all his property to the poor. His relatives sent to him: Your forefathers added to what they had and to what their forefathers had, and you wasted yours and that of your forefathers. He said to them, that is correct! My forefathers locked it up in the earth, I locked it up in Heaven, as it is said (Ps. 85:12): “Truth will sprout from the earth, but charity⁸⁷In the entire paragraph, צדק “justice” is identified with צדקה “charity”, and צדיק “the just” is taken to mean “giver of charity.” will gaze from Heaven.” My fathers locked up treasures that bring no interest, but I locked up treasures that bring interest as it is said (Is. 3:10): “Say to the giver of charity that he did a good deed, that they will eat the fruits of their intentions.” My forefathers collected in a place over which a (human) hand rules, but I collected in a place over which no hand rules, as it is said (Ps. 97:2): “Charity and truth are the foundations of His throne.” My forefathers collected money but I collected souls, as it is said (Prov. 11:30): “He who acquires souls is wise⁸⁸The entire verse reads: “The fruit of the giver of charity is a tree of life and he who buys souls is wise.”.” My forefathers collected for others but I collected for myself, as it is said (Deut. 24:13): “Charity will be your property⁸⁹The plain sense of the clause is: It will be considered a good deed by you (before the Eternal, your God.).” My forefathers collected in this world but I collected for the future world, as it is said (Prov. 10:2): “But charity will save from death.” And does he not die⁹⁰The last three sentences are not in the (Babylonian) parallels, where the argument is based on Is. 58:8 (speaking about him who breaks his bread with the poor): “Your charity will walk before you, the glory of the Eternal will gather you in.” The Aramaic sentence ולא מית should not be corrected into Hebrew in order to remain in style with the rest of the paragraph.? But that he should not die an eternal death in the future world.

MISHNAH: A person who lends to another may take a pledge from him only in court⁸⁶Under the supervision of the court.. He may not enter his house to take his pledge, as it is said: “You have to stand outside.⁸⁷Deut. 24:11.” If he had two vessels⁸⁸This expression, כֵּלִים, covers both implements and textiles., he takes one and returns one. He returns the pillow for the night⁸⁹Deut. 24:13. and the plough for the day. If he⁹⁰The debtor. dies, he⁹¹The creditor. does not return it to his⁹⁰The debtor. heirs. Rabban Simeon ben Gamliel says, even to himself⁹⁰The debtor. he⁹¹The creditor. returns it only up to 30 days; after thirty days⁹²The religious obligation to return the pledge is formulated in Deut.24:13 as an obligation to return it to the debtor in person. If the debtor died, the pledge may be sold and the proceeds deducted from the amount of the debt. he⁹¹The creditor. sells it in court⁸⁶Under the supervision of the court.

HALAKHAH: It is written about torts that the collection be from the best quality, as it is said: “his best field, etc.⁹³Ex. 22:4; Babli Giṭṭin 48b.” And it is written about a loan that the collection be from average quality, as it is said: “and the man to whom you are creditor, etc.^87,Deut. 24:11.⁹⁴The inference is explained later by R. Simai.” They inferred real estate from pledges⁹⁵Since Deut. 24:14 refers to a pledge of movables, it is not obvious that the same rule should be applied to the foreclosure of a mortgage.. Similarly, should not pledges be inferred from real estate⁹⁶If payment for torts is made by cash or movables, not in real estate, that only best quality would be acceptable. But any debt can be liquidated by money or money’s worth to avoid foreclosure.? ⁹⁷A parallel to the remainder of the paragraph is in Giṭṭin 5:1, Notes 30–32. Rebbi Simai explained: It is a word of the Torah that the court’s bailiff enter and collect from average quality. For if the creditor enter, he would bring out the best. And if the debtor enter, he would bring out the worst. But the court’s bailiff enters and collects from average quality. Rebbi Ismael stated: It is a word of the Torah that the debtor enter, as it is said: “and the man to whom you are creditor etc.⁹⁸Deut. 24:10–11: “If you are a creditor to your neighbor for anything, do not enter his house to take his pledge. Stand outside, and the man to whom you are creditor shall bring the pledge outside to you.” This clearly indicates that it is up to the debtor to determine what to give as pledge; the requirement that it be of medium quality is purely rabbinical for R. Ismael; in the words of the Babli “not to lock the door before borrowers” (Babli 113b). The obligation to stand outside extends to the bailiff (Sifry Deut. 276).
But R. Simai, and the Masoretes who follow him in their punctuation, read: “Stand outside, and the man, acting on behalf of the one to whom you are creditor, shall bring …” The man is the court’s employee.” Rebbi La said, it was stated there⁹⁹In Babylonia.: “to seize as pledge”, by the court. Outside the court, from where¹⁰⁰The court has to give authorization; it does not have to oversee the execution.? The verse¹⁰¹Ex. 22:25. says, “if to seize as pledge you seize as pledge.” If he took the pledge without authorization, he transgresses all these verses¹⁰²Tosephta 10:8: Ex. 22:25, Deut.24:10–13, for a total of five sins committed by one action.. Rebbi La said, he caused himself to transgress all these verses¹⁰³If he received the pledge through the court’s bailiff and did not return it, he still would transgress Ex.22:25 and Deut. 24:13, but not the other commandments..