ייִדישער מחשבֿה אויף תהילים 8:8

Having referred to man's intellectual superiority over the animal kingdom on several occasions, the Torah turns to our physical superiority and dominion over the animals by permitting animals to serve as our food. Far from depriving even the most primitive creature of a meaningful exterior, the Torah is most emphatic that the appearance of each creature be maintained by insisting that there be no crossbreeding between species. The eating of animals had been prohibited to earlier generations in order to prevent man who had already been deeply corrupted from absorbing more animalistic characteristics, which in turn would have hastened his total corruption. When the Talmud forbids meat intake to the am ha-aretz, the ignorant person, the term means primitive man, the kind of person whom it is permitted to kill even on the Day of Atonement, even when the latter occurs on the holy Sabbath (Pessachim 49). In other words, it refers to a member of the human race who is so depraved, has lost all claim to being numbered among the human species. When someone like that eats meat, he undoubtedly destroys further whatever vestige of humanity he had still retained.

I have been induced to accept this theory by the circumstance that I have not met in any of the prophetical books with a description of God’s Providence otherwise than in relation to human beings. The prophets even express their surprise that God should take notice of man, who is too little and too unimportant to be worthy of the attention of the Creator: how, then, should other living creatures be considered as proper objects for Divine Providence! Comp. “What is man, that thou takest knowledge of him?” (Ps. 144:3); “What is man, that thou art mindful of him?” (ibid. 8:8). It is clearly expressed in many Scriptural passages that God provides for all men, and controls all their deeds—e.g., “He fashioneth their hearts alike, he considereth all their works” (ibid. 33:15); “For thine eyes are open upon all the ways of the sons of men, to give every one according to his ways” (Jer. 32:19). Again: “For his eyes are upon the ways of man, and he seeth all his goings” (Job 32:21). In the Law there occur instances of the fact that men are governed by God, and that their actions are examined by him. Comp. “In the day when I visit I will visit their sin upon them” (Exod. 32:34) “I will even appoint over you terror” (Lev. 26:16); “Whosoever hath sinned against me, him will I blot out of my book” (Exod. 32:33); “The same soul will I destroy” (Lev. 23:30); “I will even set my face against that soul” (ibid. 20:6). There are many instances of this kind. All that is mentioned of the history of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob is a perfect proof that Divine Providence extends. to every man individually. But the condition of the individual beings of other living creatures is undoubtedly the same as has been stated by Aristotle. On that account it is allowed, even commanded, to kill animals; we are permitted to use them according to our pleasure. The view that other living beings are only governed by Divine Providence in the way described by Aristotle, is supported by the words of the Prophet Habakkuk. When he perceived the victories of Nebuchadnezzar, and saw the multitude of those slain by him, he said, “O God, it is as if men were abandoned, neglected, and unprotected like fish and like worms of the earth.” He thus shows that these classes are abandoned. This is expressed in the following passage: “And makest men as the fishes of the sea, as the creeping things, that have no ruler over them. They take up all of them with the angle,” etc. (Hab. 1:14, 15). The prophet then declares that such is not the case; for the events referred to are not the result of abandonment, forsaking, and absence of Providence, but are intended as a punishment for the people, who well deserved all that befell them. He therefore says: “O Lord, Thou hast ordained them for judgment, and O mighty God, Thou hast established them for correction” (ibid. ver. 12).