הִנֵּ֨ה עַל־הֶהָרִ֜ים רַגְלֵ֤י מְבַשֵּׂר֙ מַשְׁמִ֣יעַ שָׁל֔וֹם חָגִּ֧י יְהוּדָ֛ה חַגַּ֖יִךְ שַׁלְּמִ֣י נְדָרָ֑יִךְ כִּי֩ לֹ֨א יוֹסִ֥יף ע֛וֹד לעבור־[לַֽעֲבָר־] בָּ֥ךְ בְּלִיַּ֖עַל כֻּלֹּ֥ה נִכְרָֽת׃
זע אױף די בערג די פֿיס פֿון דעם אָנזאָגער װאָס מאַכט הערן שלום! פֿײַער, יהודה, דײַנע פֿײַערטעג, באַצאָל דײַנע נדרים, װאָרום מער װעט ניט דורכגײן אין דיר דער נידערטרעכטיקער, ער איז אין גאַנצן פֿאַרשניטן.
Bamidbar Rabbah
“Those who encamp to the east, the banner of the camp of Judah, according to their hosts, and the prince of the children of Judah is Nahsḥon, son of Aminadav” (Numbers 2:3).
“Those who encamp to the east, the banner of the camp of Judah…,” that is what is written: “The Lord founded the earth with wisdom, [established the heavens with understanding]” (Proverbs 3:19). The Holy One blessed be He created the four directions of the world: east, west, north, and south. East, from there light emerges to the world. West, the storehouses of snow, the storehouses of hail, cold, and heat emerge to the world. South, dews of blessing and rains of blessing emerge to the world. North, from there, darkness emerges to the world. Similarly, He surrounded His Throne with four beasts and, above them all, the Throne of Glory.
Corresponding to them,15The four directions. the Holy One blessed be He arranged the banners for Moses. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘Moses, the east from which light emerges to the world, Judah will correspond to it, as he is the possessor of the kingdom, as it is stated: “Those who encamp to the east, the banner of the camp of Judah” (Numbers 2:3). With it, the tribe of Issachar, which is a possessor of Torah, as it is stated: “From the children of Issachar, possessors of understanding of the times” (I Chronicles 12:33). Likewise it says: “And those who encamp with it, the tribe of Issachar” (Numbers 2:5). With it Zebulun, which is a possessor of wealth, as it is written: “Zebulun [will dwell] at the seashore, [and he shall be a shore for ships]” (Genesis 49:13). Likewise it says: “The tribe of Zebulun…” (Numbers 2:7). “All those counted for the camp of Judah…they shall travel first [rishona]” (Numbers 2:9), as the Torah is called rosh: “I was crowned from the distant past [merosh]” (Proverbs 8:23),16Torah here is a reference to Issachar. and it says: “For in the shadow of wisdom, in the shadow of money” (Ecclesiastes 7:12),17Money here is a reference to Zebulun. and it says: “Their king passed before them and the Lord is at their head” (Micah 2:13).18The king is a reference to Judah.
You find that everywhere Judah is first: first for encampment, as it is stated: “Those who encamp [to the east, the banner of the camp of Judah]” – first for travel. As it is stated: “They shall travel first” (Numbers 2:9). For offerings, Judah is first, as it is stated: “The one who presented [his offering on the first day was Naḥshon, son of Aminadav, of the tribe of Judah]” (Numbers 7:12). For war, Judah is first, as it is stated: “Who will ascend first against the Canaanites for us…? The Lord said: Judah will ascend” (Judges 1:1–2). And one verse says: “The Lord said: Judah first” (Judges 20:18). When the herald19Who will announce the redemption of Israel. comes, Judah will receive the tidings first, as it is stated: “The feet of the herald are upon the mountains, announcing peace. Celebrate your feasts, Judah” (Nahum 2:1). That is from the east.
The south, dews of blessing and rains of blessing emerge from it to the world. The tribe of Reuben will correspond to it, as he is a penitent. Penitence is a fine attribute, and the mercy of the Holy One blessed be He comes upon people when they repent. That is what is written: “The banner of the camp of Reuben is to the south…” (Numbers 2:10). With it, Gad, which was the possessor of a regiment, as it is stated: “Gad will wage war by regiment” (Genesis 49:19); Reuben with repentance, Gad with power, and Simeon in the middle to atone for it.20For the sin done with the daughters of Midyan at the Shitim (Number 25:1–9, 14–15). That is what is written: “And those who encamp with it, the tribe of Simeon” (Numbers 2:12), “and the tribe of Gad” (Numbers 2:14), “all those counted of the camp of Reuben…they shall travel second” (Numbers 2:16), as penitence is second to the Torah.
After these two banners traveled, the Levites would transport the Tabernacle; that is what is written: “The Tent of Meeting, the Levite camp, shall travel [in the midst of the camps]” (Numbers 2:17).
West, the storehouses of snow, the storehouses of hail, cold, and heat, and corresponding to them, Ephraim, Manasseh, and Benjamin. Who can withstand snow and hail? It is Ephraim, Manasseh, and Benjamin, as it is stated: “Rouse Your might before Ephraim, Benjamin, and Manasseh” (Psalms 80:3). The Divine Presence is always in the west, on the border of Benjamin, as it is stated: “Of Benjamin he said: The beloved, [the Lord will dwell in safety with him; He covers over him all the day, and He rests between his shoulders]” (Deuteronomy 33:12). That is what is written: “The banner of the camp of Ephraim according to their hosts is to the west…” (Numbers 2:18), “with it, the tribe of Manasseh…” (Numbers 2:20), “and the tribe of Benjamin, and the prince…” (Numbers 2:22), “all those counted for the camp [of Ephraim]…they shall travel third (Numbers 2:24). Strength is fitting for Torah and repentance, so that a person will strengthen himself in Torah and overcome his evil inclination.
North, from there darkness emerges to the world, and corresponding to it, the tribe of Dan. Why? It is because it brought darkness to the world with idol worship. Yerovam crafted two golden calves, and idol worship is darkness, as it is stated: “Their actions are in the dark” (Isaiah 29:15). Yerovam circulated throughout Israel and it was only the tribe of Dan that accepted it from him, as it is stated: “The king consulted, and he crafted two golden calves…and he placed one in Dan” (I Kings 12:28–29). That is why the Holy One blessed be He commanded that Dan would encamp in the north. That is what is written: “The banner of the camp of Dan is to the north…” (Numbers 2:25). With it, the tribe of Asher, which illuminates the darkness, as it is stated: “And of Asher he said: Blessed…and he dips his foot in oil”21Oil is used to light up the darkness. (Deuteronomy 33:24). Likewise it says: “And those who encamp with it, the tribe of Asher” (Numbers 2:27). With it, Naphtali, who is filled with blessing in order to provide sustenance, just as it is written: “Naphtali, his desire is satisfied, [and full with the blessing of the Lord]” (Deuteronomy 33:23). Likewise it says: “and the tribe of Naphtali” (Numbers 2:29). “All those counted for the camp of Dan…they shall travel last by their banners (Numbers 2:31), as anyone who engages in idol worship goes backward and not forward. That is why it is stated: “The Lord founded the earth with wisdom, established the heavens with understanding”(Proverbs 3:19).
Just as the Holy One blessed be He created four directions and four banners corresponding to them, so, too, He surrounded His throne with four angels: Mikhael, Gavriel, Uriel, and Refael. Mikhael was to His right, corresponding to Reuben. Why is his name called Mikhael? When Israel crossed the sea, Moses broke out in song: “Who is like You [mikhamokha]” (Exodus 15:11). When he concluded the Torah, he said: “Yeshurun, there is none like God [ein kael]” (Deuteronomy 33:26). Mi khamokha, ein kael, that is Mikhael.
Uriel to his left, corresponding to Dan that was in the north. Why is his name called Uriel? It is because of the Torah, Prophets, and Writings with which the Holy One blessed be He atones for it,22For the tribe of Dan. and illuminates for Israel, as it is stated: “Arise, shine [ori], for your light has come [and the glory of the Lord has shone upon you]” (Isaiah 60:1). And David said: “The Lord is God [el], He has illuminated for us” (Psalms 118:27); that is Uriel. Likewise, it says: “Though I sit in darkness, the Lord is a light for me” (Micah 7:8).
Gavriel before Him, corresponding to the kingdom of Judah, Moses, and Aaron, who were in the east.23The directions are defined relative to somebody facing east. Therefore, the front is east, the back is west, to the left is north and to the right is south. Why was his name called Gavriel? Regarding Judah, it is written: “For Judah prevailed [gavar] over his brothers” (I Chronicles 5:2), and regarding Moses, it is written: “He called to Moses” (Leviticus 1:1), and it is written: “He called his name Pele Yoetz El Gibor” (Isaiah 9:5). That is Gavriel.
Refael, corresponding to Ephraim. Why was his name called Refael? It was in order to heal [lerapot] the breach of Yerovam, who emerged from Ephraim that is in the west. “God [el], please, heal [refa] her now” (Numbers 12:13).
“Those who encamp to the east, the banner of the camp of Judah…,” that is what is written: “The Lord founded the earth with wisdom, [established the heavens with understanding]” (Proverbs 3:19). The Holy One blessed be He created the four directions of the world: east, west, north, and south. East, from there light emerges to the world. West, the storehouses of snow, the storehouses of hail, cold, and heat emerge to the world. South, dews of blessing and rains of blessing emerge to the world. North, from there, darkness emerges to the world. Similarly, He surrounded His Throne with four beasts and, above them all, the Throne of Glory.
Corresponding to them,15The four directions. the Holy One blessed be He arranged the banners for Moses. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘Moses, the east from which light emerges to the world, Judah will correspond to it, as he is the possessor of the kingdom, as it is stated: “Those who encamp to the east, the banner of the camp of Judah” (Numbers 2:3). With it, the tribe of Issachar, which is a possessor of Torah, as it is stated: “From the children of Issachar, possessors of understanding of the times” (I Chronicles 12:33). Likewise it says: “And those who encamp with it, the tribe of Issachar” (Numbers 2:5). With it Zebulun, which is a possessor of wealth, as it is written: “Zebulun [will dwell] at the seashore, [and he shall be a shore for ships]” (Genesis 49:13). Likewise it says: “The tribe of Zebulun…” (Numbers 2:7). “All those counted for the camp of Judah…they shall travel first [rishona]” (Numbers 2:9), as the Torah is called rosh: “I was crowned from the distant past [merosh]” (Proverbs 8:23),16Torah here is a reference to Issachar. and it says: “For in the shadow of wisdom, in the shadow of money” (Ecclesiastes 7:12),17Money here is a reference to Zebulun. and it says: “Their king passed before them and the Lord is at their head” (Micah 2:13).18The king is a reference to Judah.
You find that everywhere Judah is first: first for encampment, as it is stated: “Those who encamp [to the east, the banner of the camp of Judah]” – first for travel. As it is stated: “They shall travel first” (Numbers 2:9). For offerings, Judah is first, as it is stated: “The one who presented [his offering on the first day was Naḥshon, son of Aminadav, of the tribe of Judah]” (Numbers 7:12). For war, Judah is first, as it is stated: “Who will ascend first against the Canaanites for us…? The Lord said: Judah will ascend” (Judges 1:1–2). And one verse says: “The Lord said: Judah first” (Judges 20:18). When the herald19Who will announce the redemption of Israel. comes, Judah will receive the tidings first, as it is stated: “The feet of the herald are upon the mountains, announcing peace. Celebrate your feasts, Judah” (Nahum 2:1). That is from the east.
The south, dews of blessing and rains of blessing emerge from it to the world. The tribe of Reuben will correspond to it, as he is a penitent. Penitence is a fine attribute, and the mercy of the Holy One blessed be He comes upon people when they repent. That is what is written: “The banner of the camp of Reuben is to the south…” (Numbers 2:10). With it, Gad, which was the possessor of a regiment, as it is stated: “Gad will wage war by regiment” (Genesis 49:19); Reuben with repentance, Gad with power, and Simeon in the middle to atone for it.20For the sin done with the daughters of Midyan at the Shitim (Number 25:1–9, 14–15). That is what is written: “And those who encamp with it, the tribe of Simeon” (Numbers 2:12), “and the tribe of Gad” (Numbers 2:14), “all those counted of the camp of Reuben…they shall travel second” (Numbers 2:16), as penitence is second to the Torah.
After these two banners traveled, the Levites would transport the Tabernacle; that is what is written: “The Tent of Meeting, the Levite camp, shall travel [in the midst of the camps]” (Numbers 2:17).
West, the storehouses of snow, the storehouses of hail, cold, and heat, and corresponding to them, Ephraim, Manasseh, and Benjamin. Who can withstand snow and hail? It is Ephraim, Manasseh, and Benjamin, as it is stated: “Rouse Your might before Ephraim, Benjamin, and Manasseh” (Psalms 80:3). The Divine Presence is always in the west, on the border of Benjamin, as it is stated: “Of Benjamin he said: The beloved, [the Lord will dwell in safety with him; He covers over him all the day, and He rests between his shoulders]” (Deuteronomy 33:12). That is what is written: “The banner of the camp of Ephraim according to their hosts is to the west…” (Numbers 2:18), “with it, the tribe of Manasseh…” (Numbers 2:20), “and the tribe of Benjamin, and the prince…” (Numbers 2:22), “all those counted for the camp [of Ephraim]…they shall travel third (Numbers 2:24). Strength is fitting for Torah and repentance, so that a person will strengthen himself in Torah and overcome his evil inclination.
North, from there darkness emerges to the world, and corresponding to it, the tribe of Dan. Why? It is because it brought darkness to the world with idol worship. Yerovam crafted two golden calves, and idol worship is darkness, as it is stated: “Their actions are in the dark” (Isaiah 29:15). Yerovam circulated throughout Israel and it was only the tribe of Dan that accepted it from him, as it is stated: “The king consulted, and he crafted two golden calves…and he placed one in Dan” (I Kings 12:28–29). That is why the Holy One blessed be He commanded that Dan would encamp in the north. That is what is written: “The banner of the camp of Dan is to the north…” (Numbers 2:25). With it, the tribe of Asher, which illuminates the darkness, as it is stated: “And of Asher he said: Blessed…and he dips his foot in oil”21Oil is used to light up the darkness. (Deuteronomy 33:24). Likewise it says: “And those who encamp with it, the tribe of Asher” (Numbers 2:27). With it, Naphtali, who is filled with blessing in order to provide sustenance, just as it is written: “Naphtali, his desire is satisfied, [and full with the blessing of the Lord]” (Deuteronomy 33:23). Likewise it says: “and the tribe of Naphtali” (Numbers 2:29). “All those counted for the camp of Dan…they shall travel last by their banners (Numbers 2:31), as anyone who engages in idol worship goes backward and not forward. That is why it is stated: “The Lord founded the earth with wisdom, established the heavens with understanding”(Proverbs 3:19).
Just as the Holy One blessed be He created four directions and four banners corresponding to them, so, too, He surrounded His throne with four angels: Mikhael, Gavriel, Uriel, and Refael. Mikhael was to His right, corresponding to Reuben. Why is his name called Mikhael? When Israel crossed the sea, Moses broke out in song: “Who is like You [mikhamokha]” (Exodus 15:11). When he concluded the Torah, he said: “Yeshurun, there is none like God [ein kael]” (Deuteronomy 33:26). Mi khamokha, ein kael, that is Mikhael.
Uriel to his left, corresponding to Dan that was in the north. Why is his name called Uriel? It is because of the Torah, Prophets, and Writings with which the Holy One blessed be He atones for it,22For the tribe of Dan. and illuminates for Israel, as it is stated: “Arise, shine [ori], for your light has come [and the glory of the Lord has shone upon you]” (Isaiah 60:1). And David said: “The Lord is God [el], He has illuminated for us” (Psalms 118:27); that is Uriel. Likewise, it says: “Though I sit in darkness, the Lord is a light for me” (Micah 7:8).
Gavriel before Him, corresponding to the kingdom of Judah, Moses, and Aaron, who were in the east.23The directions are defined relative to somebody facing east. Therefore, the front is east, the back is west, to the left is north and to the right is south. Why was his name called Gavriel? Regarding Judah, it is written: “For Judah prevailed [gavar] over his brothers” (I Chronicles 5:2), and regarding Moses, it is written: “He called to Moses” (Leviticus 1:1), and it is written: “He called his name Pele Yoetz El Gibor” (Isaiah 9:5). That is Gavriel.
Refael, corresponding to Ephraim. Why was his name called Refael? It was in order to heal [lerapot] the breach of Yerovam, who emerged from Ephraim that is in the west. “God [el], please, heal [refa] her now” (Numbers 12:13).
Eikhah Rabbah
“For Mount Zion, which is desolate; foxes walk on it” (Lamentations 5:18).
“For Mount Zion, which is desolate.” It happened that Rabban Gamliel, Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya, Rabbi Yehoshua, and Rabbi Akiva were entering Rome, and they heard the sound of the multitudes of Rome from Puteoli, from a distance of one hundred and twenty mil. They began weeping and Rabbi Akiva was laughing. They said: ‘Akiva, we are weeping and you are laughing?’ He said to them: ‘And you, why are you weeping?’ They said to him: ‘Shall we not weep? The nations engage in idol worship and prostrate themselves to the idols, and they sit in security, tranquility, and calm, while the footstool of our God was burned in fire and is a dwelling place for the beasts of the field; shall we not weep?’ He said to them: ‘That is why I am laughing. If it is so for those who anger Him, all the more so for those who perform His will.’
On another occasion they were ascending to Jerusalem. When they arrived at Mount Scopus, they rent their garments. When they arrived at the Temple Mount, they saw a fox emerging from the place of the Holy of Holies. They began weeping, and Rabbi Akiva was laughing. They said to him: ‘Akiva, you always astonish us, we are weeping and you are laughing.’ He said to them: ‘Why are you weeping?’ They said to him: ‘Shall we not weep? The place in whose regard it is written: “And the non-priest who approaches shall be put to death” (Numbers 1:51), behold, a fox emerges from it. The verse stated of it: “For Mount Zion, which is desolate; foxes walk on it,” has been fulfilled!’ He said to them: ‘It is for this reason that I am laughing. Behold, it says: “I had trustworthy witnesses testify for Me: Uriya the priest and Zechariah, son of Yeverekhyahu” (Isaiah 8:2). What does Uriya have to do with Zechariah? Uriya was in the First Temple and Zechariah was in the Second Temple. Rather, what did Uriya say? “So said the Lord of hosts: Zion will be plowed like a field, and Jerusalem will be heaps” (Jeremiah 26:18). What did Zechariah say? “So said the Lord of hosts: Old men and old women will again sit in the squares of Jerusalem, each man with his staff in his hand, due to advanced age” (Zechariah 8:4). And it is written thereafter: “The city squares will be filled with boys and girls playing in its squares” (Zechariah 8:5). The Holy One blessed be He said: I have these two witnesses. If the words of Uriya are realized, the words of Zechariah will be realized, and if the words of Uriya are void, the words of Zechariah are void. I was joyful that the words of Uriya were realized, and ultimately the words of Zechariah are destined to be realized.’ They said to him in these words: ‘Akiva, you have comforted us. May you be comforted by the feet of the herald.’25The herald of redemption; see Isaiah 52:7, Nahum 2:1.
“For Mount Zion, which is desolate.” It happened that Rabban Gamliel, Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya, Rabbi Yehoshua, and Rabbi Akiva were entering Rome, and they heard the sound of the multitudes of Rome from Puteoli, from a distance of one hundred and twenty mil. They began weeping and Rabbi Akiva was laughing. They said: ‘Akiva, we are weeping and you are laughing?’ He said to them: ‘And you, why are you weeping?’ They said to him: ‘Shall we not weep? The nations engage in idol worship and prostrate themselves to the idols, and they sit in security, tranquility, and calm, while the footstool of our God was burned in fire and is a dwelling place for the beasts of the field; shall we not weep?’ He said to them: ‘That is why I am laughing. If it is so for those who anger Him, all the more so for those who perform His will.’
On another occasion they were ascending to Jerusalem. When they arrived at Mount Scopus, they rent their garments. When they arrived at the Temple Mount, they saw a fox emerging from the place of the Holy of Holies. They began weeping, and Rabbi Akiva was laughing. They said to him: ‘Akiva, you always astonish us, we are weeping and you are laughing.’ He said to them: ‘Why are you weeping?’ They said to him: ‘Shall we not weep? The place in whose regard it is written: “And the non-priest who approaches shall be put to death” (Numbers 1:51), behold, a fox emerges from it. The verse stated of it: “For Mount Zion, which is desolate; foxes walk on it,” has been fulfilled!’ He said to them: ‘It is for this reason that I am laughing. Behold, it says: “I had trustworthy witnesses testify for Me: Uriya the priest and Zechariah, son of Yeverekhyahu” (Isaiah 8:2). What does Uriya have to do with Zechariah? Uriya was in the First Temple and Zechariah was in the Second Temple. Rather, what did Uriya say? “So said the Lord of hosts: Zion will be plowed like a field, and Jerusalem will be heaps” (Jeremiah 26:18). What did Zechariah say? “So said the Lord of hosts: Old men and old women will again sit in the squares of Jerusalem, each man with his staff in his hand, due to advanced age” (Zechariah 8:4). And it is written thereafter: “The city squares will be filled with boys and girls playing in its squares” (Zechariah 8:5). The Holy One blessed be He said: I have these two witnesses. If the words of Uriya are realized, the words of Zechariah will be realized, and if the words of Uriya are void, the words of Zechariah are void. I was joyful that the words of Uriya were realized, and ultimately the words of Zechariah are destined to be realized.’ They said to him in these words: ‘Akiva, you have comforted us. May you be comforted by the feet of the herald.’25The herald of redemption; see Isaiah 52:7, Nahum 2:1.
Bamidbar Rabbah
“May the Lord show favor to you, and grant you peace” (Numbers 6:26).
“May the Lord show favor [yisa…panav] to you” – He will remove his anger from you. Yisa is nothing other than an expression of removal, just as it says: “Pharaoh will remove [yisa] your head [from upon you]” (Genesis 40:19). “Panav” – this is the countenance [panim] of rage, just as it says: “I will direct My countenance against that person…” (Leviticus 20:6). In other words, He will remove from you that countenance of rage that was fitting to come upon you.
“May the Lord show [yisa] [favor [panav] to you]” – when you are standing and praying, as it is stated: “He said to him: See, I have granted [nasati] your request [fanekha]…” (Genesis 19:21). The matters may be inferred a fortiori: If I granted Lot’s request due to Abraham, My beloved, will I not show you favor due to you and due to your forefathers? That is what is written: “May the Lord show favor to you.”
One verse says: “May the Lord show favor to you,” and one verse says: “Who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17). How can both of these verses be realized? When Israel performs the will of the Omnipresent, “May the Lord show favor to you.” When they do not perform the will of the Omnipresent, “Who will not show favor.”
Another matter: “May the Lord show favor” – does the Holy One blessed be He show favor? Is it not already stated: “Who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17)? The Holy One blessed be He said: Just as they show Me favor, I show them favor. How so? I wrote in My Torah: “You will eat and be satisfied, and you shall bless” (Deuteronomy 8:10), but a person of Israel sits, he, his children, and the members of his household, and they do not have sufficient food to satisfy them, but they show Me favor and recite a blessing, and are exacting with themselves for the measure of an olive-bulk or an egg-bulk.33There is a disagreement among the Sages regarding whether one must say Grace after Meals after eating an olive-bulk of bread or an egg-bulk of bread (Berakhot 45a). Therefore, “may the Lord show favor [to you].”
Another matter: “May the Lord show…” – one verse says: “May…show,” and one verse says: “Who will not show” (Deuteronomy 10:17). Until the sentence is sealed, “may the Lord show…”; after the sentence is sealed, “who will not show favor.”
Similarly, one verse says: “You hear prayer” (Psalms 65:3), and one verse says: “You have covered Yourself with a cloud [so that no prayer can pass]” (Lamentations 3:44). Until the sentence is sealed, “You hear prayer”; after the sentence is sealed, “You have covered Yourself with a cloud.” One verse says: “The Lord is near to all who call Him” (Psalms 145:18), and one verse says: “Why do You stand afar, Lord?” (Psalms 10:1). Until the sentence is sealed, “the Lord is near to all who call Him”; after the sentence is sealed, “why do You stand afar, Lord?”
One verse says: “From the mouth of the Most High, evil and good do not emerge” (Lamentations 3:38), and one verse says: “The Lord was intent on harm” (Daniel 9:14). Until the sentence is sealed, “from the mouth of the Most High…”; after the sentence is sealed, “the Lord was intent…”
One verse says: “Launder your heart of evil, Jerusalem” (Jeremiah 4:14), and one verse says: “For even if you launder with natron [and use much soap, your iniquity is stained before Me]” (Jeremiah 2:22). Until the sentence is sealed, “launder [your heart] of evil…”; after the sentence is sealed, “even if you launder…”
One verse says: “Return, wayward sons” (Jeremiah 3:22), and one verse says: “If they repent, He does not repent” (Jeremiah 8:4).34Even if they repent, God will not retract the punishment. This is before the sentence is sealed; that is after the sentence is sealed.
One verse says: “Seek the Lord when He can be found” (Isaiah 55:6), and one verse says: “As I live, the utterance of the Lord God, I will not respond to you” (Ezekiel 20:31). This is before the sentence is sealed; that is after the sentence is sealed.
One verse says: “I do not desire the death of the wicked” (Ezekiel 33:11), and one verse says: “The Lord wished to put them to death.” (I Samuel 2:25). This is before the sentence is sealed; that is after the sentence is sealed.
Another matter: “May the Lord show favor to you” – in this world; “who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17) – in the World to Come.35Repentance is possible in this world, not in the World to Come (Etz Yosef).
Another matter: “May the Lord show favor to you,” and one verse says: “Who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17). Rabbi Yosei ben Dostai says: How can these two verses be realized? It is, rather, “may the Lord show favor” – regarding a matter between you and Him; “who will not show favor” – regarding matters between you and your counterpart.
Rabbi Akiva says: One verse says: “He will cleanse” (Exodus 34:7), and one verse says: “He will not cleanse” (Exodus 34:7). How is it possible to realize these two verses? It is, rather, regarding a matter between you and Him, “He will cleanse”; regarding matters between you and your counterpart, “He will not cleanse.” Ben Azai says: He cleanses for those who repent, but does not cleanse for those who do not repent.
Another matter: “May the Lord show favor [panav]…” – He will turn His face [panav] toward you. One who greets his counterpart face-to-face is not comparable to one who greets him from the side. Rather, “May the Lord show favor [panav]” – He will turn His face to you, just as it says: “I will turn [ufaniti] to you and make [you] fruitful” (Leviticus 26:9).
“And grant you peace” – peace upon your arrival, peace upon your departure, peace with every person. Rabbi Natan says: “And grant you peace” – peace is the peace of the kingdom of the house of David: “with abundant authority and everlasting peace [upon the throne of David and upon his kingdom]” (Isaiah 9:6).
Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says: This is the peace of Torah, as it is stated: “The Lord gives strength to His people; the Lord will bless His people with peace” (Psalms 29:11).
Great is peace, as the Holy One blessed be He altered a matter due to peace, as it is stated: “Shall I indeed bear a child? But I have grown old” (Genesis 18:13).36This is what God told Abraham, despite the fact that Sarah had actually said: “And my lord is old” (Genesis 18:12), referring to Abraham.
Great is peace, as the angel that spoke with Manoaḥ altered due to peace. He had said to the woman: “Behold, you are barren and have not given birth” (Judges 13:3), but he did not relate that matter to Manoaḥ.37He refrained from saying this when Manoaḥ could hear, so that Manoaḥ would not blame his wife for their childlessness.
Great is peace, as the Name that is written in sanctity, the Holy One blessed be He said: Let it be erased on the water in order to instill peace between a man and his wife.38This is referring to the procedure of the sota.
Rabbi Elazar says: Great is peace, as the prophets implanted into the mouths of all the people only peace.39See Nahum 2:1, Hagai 2:9, Isaiah 57:19.
Rabbi Shimon ben Ḥalafta said: Great is peace, as there is no vessel that contains blessing other than peace, as it is stated: “The Lord will bless His people with peace” (Psalms 29:11). In the Priestly Benediction as well, after all the blessings, He concluded them with peace: “And grant you peace,” saying that the blessings are of no avail unless accompanied by peace. Rabbi Elazar HaKappar says: Great is peace, as every prayer concludes only with peace, and the Priestly Benediction concludes only with peace.
Great is peace, as it is given to the humble, as it is stated: “The humble inherit the earth and delight in abundant peace” (Psalms 37:11). Great is peace, as it is equivalent to everything. We recite: Who makes peace and creates everything.
Rabbi Elazar son of Rabbi Elazar HaKappar says: Even if Israel engages in idol worship but there is peace between them, the Holy One blessed be He, as it were, said: The accuser cannot touch them, as it is stated: “Ephraim is attached to idols, leave him” (Hosea 4:17). But when they were divided, what is stated in their regard? “Their heart is divided; now they will be punished” (Hosea 10:2). That is, great is peace and dispute is despised.
Great is peace, as even in time of war, peace is necessary, as it is stated: “When you approach a city [to wage war against it, you shall call to it for peace]” (Deuteronomy 20:10). And it says: “I sent messengers from the wilderness of Kedemot [to Siḥon, king of Ḥeshbon, with words of peace]” (Deuteronomy 2:26). And it says: “Restore them peacefully” (Judges 11:13).
Great is peace, as even the dead require peace, as it is stated: “You will come to your fathers in peace” (Genesis 15:15). And it says: “You will die in peace” (Jeremiah 34:5).
Great is peace, as it is provided for penitents, as it is stated: “Creator of the expression of the lips: Peace, peace [for the far and for the near]” (Isaiah 57:19).
Rabbi Meir says: Great is peace, as the Holy One blessed be He did not create an attribute more beautiful than peace, which was given to the righteous, as when he passes from the world, three groups of ministering angels greet him with peace. The first says: “He will come in peace” (Isaiah 57:2). The second says: “They will rest on their resting places” (Isaiah 57:2). The third says: “One who walks with integrity” (Isaiah 57:2). It is not sufficient for the righteous that their death is in the hands of Glory, as it is stated: “The glory of the Lord will gather you” (Isaiah 58:8), but they laud them before them with peace: “He will come in peace.”
Great is peace, as the Holy One blessed be He did not create an attribute more beautiful than peace, and He withheld it from the wicked, as when they pass from the world, three groups of angels of destruction greet them. The first says: “There is no peace” (Isaiah 48:22). The second says: “The Lord says to the wicked” (Isaiah 48:22). The third says: “You will lie in suffering” (Isaiah 50:11). It is not sufficient for the wicked that their death is at the hand of destroyers, as it is stated: “His soul approaches perdition and his life to the killers” (Job 33:22); and it says: “He will be driven from light to darkness” (Job 18:18); and it says: “Let their way be dark and slippery, with an angel of the Lord pursuing them” (Psalms 35:6); but they vex them and say to them: “There is no peace,” “you will lie in suffering.”
Great is peace, as it is given as reward for Torah and mitzvot, as it is stated: “I will grant peace in the land” (Leviticus 26:6). Great is peace, as it is given to lovers of Torah, as it is stated: “Great peace for lovers of Your Torah” (Psalms 119:165). Great is peace, as it is given to those who study Torah, as it is stated: “All your children will be students of the Lord, and the peace of your children will be abundant” (Isaiah 54:13). Great is peace, as it is given to those who perform acts of charity [tzedaka], as it is stated: “The act of righteousness [hatzedaka] will be peace” (Isaiah 32:17).
Great is peace, as the name of the Omnipresent is called peace, as it is stated: “He called it: The Lord is peace” (Judges 6:24).
Great is peace, as those who reside On High require peace, as it is stated: “He makes peace in His heights” (Job 25:2). The matters can be inferred a fortiori; if in a place where there is no enmity and hatred they require peace, all the more so for a place where all these attributes exist.
Rabbi Shimon would say: Come and see that the attribute of flesh and blood is not like the attribute of the Holy One blessed be He. A king of flesh and blood, when he goes out to war he goes with multitudes and legions, but when he goes to make peace, he goes alone. But the attribute of the Holy One blessed be He is not so. When He goes to make peace, He emerges with multitudes and legions, as it is stated: “He makes peace in His heights” (Job 25:2), and then it is written: “Is there a number to His troops?” (Job 25:3). And it says: “The chariots of God are myriads, thousands upon thousands of companies. My Lord is among them, at Sinai, in holiness” (Psalms 68:18). And it says: “Thousands upon thousands serve Him, and myriads upon myriads…” (Daniel 7:10). But when He goes out to war, He goes alone, as it is stated: “The Lord is a Man of war…” (Exodus 15:3) – He wages war with His name and does not require assistance. And it says: “I have trodden a winepress alone…” (Isaiah 63:3).
You find that when the Holy One blessed be He exacted retribution from the generation of the Flood, He exacted retribution only alone, as it is stated: “Behold, I am bringing the Flood, water….” (Genesis 6:17). Likewise, from the people of Sodom, He exacted retribution only alone: “The Lord rained [brimstone and fire] upon Sodom and [upon Gomorrah from the Lord from the heavens]” (Genesis 19:24). Likewise when He exacted retribution from the Egyptians, as it is stated: “The Lord smote every firstborn…” (Exodus 12:29). Likewise, He exacted retribution alone from the Emorites, as it is stated: “And the Lord cast large stones upon them” (Joshua 10:11). Likewise, from Sennacherib, He exacted retribution alone, as it is stated: “The angel of the Lord emerged and smote in the camp…” (II Kings 19:35).
One verse says: “Is there a number to His troops?” (Job 25:3), and one verse says: “Thousands upon thousands serve Him” (Daniel 7:10). When Israel were exiled, “Thousands upon thousands serve Him”; as it were, the entourage On High was diminished. Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says in the name of Abba Yosei ben Dostai: “Thousands upon thousands serve Him” – one troop; how many troops are they? “Is there a number to his troops?”
One verse says: “He counts a number for the stars, and calls them all by names” (Psalms 147:4), and one verse says: “Who brings out their host by number, calling all of them by name” (Isaiah 40:26).40One verse implies that each one is called by a separate name, and one verse implies that they are all called by one name. When the Holy One blessed be He calls them, He calls all their names simultaneously and they respond, something that is impossible for flesh and blood, to call two names simultaneously. Likewise it says: “God spoke all these matters, saying” (Exodus 20:1). It teaches that He said all of the Ten Commandments in one utterance. And it says: “God spoke one; these are two that I heard. Might belongs to God” (Psalms 62:12). And it says: “Is My word not like fire, the utterance of the Lord, and like a hammer that shatters the rock?” (Jeremiah 23:29).41See Shabbat 88b. Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says in the name of Abba Yosei ben Dostai: What is “and calls them all by names”? There is no name repeated; the name that he is called now is not the name that he is called later. Likewise it says: “Why do you ask my name? It is hidden” (Judges 13:18). I do not know to what name I will be switched.
One verse says: “David gave to Ornan for the place shekels of gold, six hundred by weight” (I Chronicles 21:25), and one verse says: “For silver, fifty shekels” (II Samuel 24:24). How can both of these verses be realized? It was the place of the threshing floor for six hundred [shekels of gold], the place of the altar for fifty [shekels of silver]. Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says in the name of Abba Yosei ben Dostai: There were twelve tribes, and David took fifty shekels from each and every tribe, the result being six hundred shekels from all the tribes.42See Zevaḥim 116b, where the Gemara explains that according to this opinion David collected from each tribe an amount of silver worth fifty shekels of gold, and paid to Ornan an amount of silver worth six hundred shekels of gold. Rabbi Elazar ben Shamua says: The threshing floor for six hundred, but “the cattle for the burnt offering, the threshing tools, and the implements of the cattle for the wood” (II Samuel 24:22), were for “fifty shekels of silver.”
One verse says: “Solomon had four thousand stables for horses” (II Chronicles 9:25), and one verse says: “Solomon had forty thousand horses’ stables” (I Kings 5:6). How can both of these verses be realized? There were four thousand large stables, with forty thousand horses.
One verse says: “It would hold three thousand bat that it contained” (II Chronicles 4:5), and one verse says: “It would hold two thousand bat” (I Kings 7:26). How can both of these verses be realized? It was two thousand for liquid and three thousand for dry goods. From here they said: Two kor of liquid that are three kor of dry goods.43The term bat, which measured volume, represented different volumes depending on whether the item being measured was liquid or solid. The same was true for the kor. Two kor of liquid took up the same amount of space as three kor of dry goods.
Beloved is peace, as for all the deeds and meritorious acts performed by Abraham our patriarch, He gave only peace as his reward, as it is stated: “You will come to your fathers in peace” (Genesis 15:15). Likewise, you find regarding Jacob our patriarch, who requested peace from the Omnipresent, as it is stated: “And I will return [to my father’s house] in peace” (Genesis 28:21). Likewise you find regarding Aaron, who was praised before the Omnipresent only with peace, as it is stated: “My covenant was with him, life and peace” (Malachi 2:5). Likewise you find regarding Pinḥas that He gave peace as his reward, as it is stated: “Behold, I am granting him My covenant of peace” (Numbers 25:12). Likewise, you find that the Torah was analogized only to peace, as it is stated: “And all its paths are peace” (Proverbs 3:17). Likewise, you find that the Holy One blessed be He consoles Jerusalem only with peace, as it is stated: “My people will reside in an abode of peace” (Isaiah 32:18). Likewise, He exacted retribution from Amon and Moav only by withholding peace from them, as it is stated: “You shall not seek their peace or their welfare…” (Deuteronomy 23:7). Likewise, Israel is blessed each day with peace, as it is stated: “And grant you peace.”
“May the Lord show favor [yisa…panav] to you” – He will remove his anger from you. Yisa is nothing other than an expression of removal, just as it says: “Pharaoh will remove [yisa] your head [from upon you]” (Genesis 40:19). “Panav” – this is the countenance [panim] of rage, just as it says: “I will direct My countenance against that person…” (Leviticus 20:6). In other words, He will remove from you that countenance of rage that was fitting to come upon you.
“May the Lord show [yisa] [favor [panav] to you]” – when you are standing and praying, as it is stated: “He said to him: See, I have granted [nasati] your request [fanekha]…” (Genesis 19:21). The matters may be inferred a fortiori: If I granted Lot’s request due to Abraham, My beloved, will I not show you favor due to you and due to your forefathers? That is what is written: “May the Lord show favor to you.”
One verse says: “May the Lord show favor to you,” and one verse says: “Who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17). How can both of these verses be realized? When Israel performs the will of the Omnipresent, “May the Lord show favor to you.” When they do not perform the will of the Omnipresent, “Who will not show favor.”
Another matter: “May the Lord show favor” – does the Holy One blessed be He show favor? Is it not already stated: “Who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17)? The Holy One blessed be He said: Just as they show Me favor, I show them favor. How so? I wrote in My Torah: “You will eat and be satisfied, and you shall bless” (Deuteronomy 8:10), but a person of Israel sits, he, his children, and the members of his household, and they do not have sufficient food to satisfy them, but they show Me favor and recite a blessing, and are exacting with themselves for the measure of an olive-bulk or an egg-bulk.33There is a disagreement among the Sages regarding whether one must say Grace after Meals after eating an olive-bulk of bread or an egg-bulk of bread (Berakhot 45a). Therefore, “may the Lord show favor [to you].”
Another matter: “May the Lord show…” – one verse says: “May…show,” and one verse says: “Who will not show” (Deuteronomy 10:17). Until the sentence is sealed, “may the Lord show…”; after the sentence is sealed, “who will not show favor.”
Similarly, one verse says: “You hear prayer” (Psalms 65:3), and one verse says: “You have covered Yourself with a cloud [so that no prayer can pass]” (Lamentations 3:44). Until the sentence is sealed, “You hear prayer”; after the sentence is sealed, “You have covered Yourself with a cloud.” One verse says: “The Lord is near to all who call Him” (Psalms 145:18), and one verse says: “Why do You stand afar, Lord?” (Psalms 10:1). Until the sentence is sealed, “the Lord is near to all who call Him”; after the sentence is sealed, “why do You stand afar, Lord?”
One verse says: “From the mouth of the Most High, evil and good do not emerge” (Lamentations 3:38), and one verse says: “The Lord was intent on harm” (Daniel 9:14). Until the sentence is sealed, “from the mouth of the Most High…”; after the sentence is sealed, “the Lord was intent…”
One verse says: “Launder your heart of evil, Jerusalem” (Jeremiah 4:14), and one verse says: “For even if you launder with natron [and use much soap, your iniquity is stained before Me]” (Jeremiah 2:22). Until the sentence is sealed, “launder [your heart] of evil…”; after the sentence is sealed, “even if you launder…”
One verse says: “Return, wayward sons” (Jeremiah 3:22), and one verse says: “If they repent, He does not repent” (Jeremiah 8:4).34Even if they repent, God will not retract the punishment. This is before the sentence is sealed; that is after the sentence is sealed.
One verse says: “Seek the Lord when He can be found” (Isaiah 55:6), and one verse says: “As I live, the utterance of the Lord God, I will not respond to you” (Ezekiel 20:31). This is before the sentence is sealed; that is after the sentence is sealed.
One verse says: “I do not desire the death of the wicked” (Ezekiel 33:11), and one verse says: “The Lord wished to put them to death.” (I Samuel 2:25). This is before the sentence is sealed; that is after the sentence is sealed.
Another matter: “May the Lord show favor to you” – in this world; “who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17) – in the World to Come.35Repentance is possible in this world, not in the World to Come (Etz Yosef).
Another matter: “May the Lord show favor to you,” and one verse says: “Who will not show favor” (Deuteronomy 10:17). Rabbi Yosei ben Dostai says: How can these two verses be realized? It is, rather, “may the Lord show favor” – regarding a matter between you and Him; “who will not show favor” – regarding matters between you and your counterpart.
Rabbi Akiva says: One verse says: “He will cleanse” (Exodus 34:7), and one verse says: “He will not cleanse” (Exodus 34:7). How is it possible to realize these two verses? It is, rather, regarding a matter between you and Him, “He will cleanse”; regarding matters between you and your counterpart, “He will not cleanse.” Ben Azai says: He cleanses for those who repent, but does not cleanse for those who do not repent.
Another matter: “May the Lord show favor [panav]…” – He will turn His face [panav] toward you. One who greets his counterpart face-to-face is not comparable to one who greets him from the side. Rather, “May the Lord show favor [panav]” – He will turn His face to you, just as it says: “I will turn [ufaniti] to you and make [you] fruitful” (Leviticus 26:9).
“And grant you peace” – peace upon your arrival, peace upon your departure, peace with every person. Rabbi Natan says: “And grant you peace” – peace is the peace of the kingdom of the house of David: “with abundant authority and everlasting peace [upon the throne of David and upon his kingdom]” (Isaiah 9:6).
Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says: This is the peace of Torah, as it is stated: “The Lord gives strength to His people; the Lord will bless His people with peace” (Psalms 29:11).
Great is peace, as the Holy One blessed be He altered a matter due to peace, as it is stated: “Shall I indeed bear a child? But I have grown old” (Genesis 18:13).36This is what God told Abraham, despite the fact that Sarah had actually said: “And my lord is old” (Genesis 18:12), referring to Abraham.
Great is peace, as the angel that spoke with Manoaḥ altered due to peace. He had said to the woman: “Behold, you are barren and have not given birth” (Judges 13:3), but he did not relate that matter to Manoaḥ.37He refrained from saying this when Manoaḥ could hear, so that Manoaḥ would not blame his wife for their childlessness.
Great is peace, as the Name that is written in sanctity, the Holy One blessed be He said: Let it be erased on the water in order to instill peace between a man and his wife.38This is referring to the procedure of the sota.
Rabbi Elazar says: Great is peace, as the prophets implanted into the mouths of all the people only peace.39See Nahum 2:1, Hagai 2:9, Isaiah 57:19.
Rabbi Shimon ben Ḥalafta said: Great is peace, as there is no vessel that contains blessing other than peace, as it is stated: “The Lord will bless His people with peace” (Psalms 29:11). In the Priestly Benediction as well, after all the blessings, He concluded them with peace: “And grant you peace,” saying that the blessings are of no avail unless accompanied by peace. Rabbi Elazar HaKappar says: Great is peace, as every prayer concludes only with peace, and the Priestly Benediction concludes only with peace.
Great is peace, as it is given to the humble, as it is stated: “The humble inherit the earth and delight in abundant peace” (Psalms 37:11). Great is peace, as it is equivalent to everything. We recite: Who makes peace and creates everything.
Rabbi Elazar son of Rabbi Elazar HaKappar says: Even if Israel engages in idol worship but there is peace between them, the Holy One blessed be He, as it were, said: The accuser cannot touch them, as it is stated: “Ephraim is attached to idols, leave him” (Hosea 4:17). But when they were divided, what is stated in their regard? “Their heart is divided; now they will be punished” (Hosea 10:2). That is, great is peace and dispute is despised.
Great is peace, as even in time of war, peace is necessary, as it is stated: “When you approach a city [to wage war against it, you shall call to it for peace]” (Deuteronomy 20:10). And it says: “I sent messengers from the wilderness of Kedemot [to Siḥon, king of Ḥeshbon, with words of peace]” (Deuteronomy 2:26). And it says: “Restore them peacefully” (Judges 11:13).
Great is peace, as even the dead require peace, as it is stated: “You will come to your fathers in peace” (Genesis 15:15). And it says: “You will die in peace” (Jeremiah 34:5).
Great is peace, as it is provided for penitents, as it is stated: “Creator of the expression of the lips: Peace, peace [for the far and for the near]” (Isaiah 57:19).
Rabbi Meir says: Great is peace, as the Holy One blessed be He did not create an attribute more beautiful than peace, which was given to the righteous, as when he passes from the world, three groups of ministering angels greet him with peace. The first says: “He will come in peace” (Isaiah 57:2). The second says: “They will rest on their resting places” (Isaiah 57:2). The third says: “One who walks with integrity” (Isaiah 57:2). It is not sufficient for the righteous that their death is in the hands of Glory, as it is stated: “The glory of the Lord will gather you” (Isaiah 58:8), but they laud them before them with peace: “He will come in peace.”
Great is peace, as the Holy One blessed be He did not create an attribute more beautiful than peace, and He withheld it from the wicked, as when they pass from the world, three groups of angels of destruction greet them. The first says: “There is no peace” (Isaiah 48:22). The second says: “The Lord says to the wicked” (Isaiah 48:22). The third says: “You will lie in suffering” (Isaiah 50:11). It is not sufficient for the wicked that their death is at the hand of destroyers, as it is stated: “His soul approaches perdition and his life to the killers” (Job 33:22); and it says: “He will be driven from light to darkness” (Job 18:18); and it says: “Let their way be dark and slippery, with an angel of the Lord pursuing them” (Psalms 35:6); but they vex them and say to them: “There is no peace,” “you will lie in suffering.”
Great is peace, as it is given as reward for Torah and mitzvot, as it is stated: “I will grant peace in the land” (Leviticus 26:6). Great is peace, as it is given to lovers of Torah, as it is stated: “Great peace for lovers of Your Torah” (Psalms 119:165). Great is peace, as it is given to those who study Torah, as it is stated: “All your children will be students of the Lord, and the peace of your children will be abundant” (Isaiah 54:13). Great is peace, as it is given to those who perform acts of charity [tzedaka], as it is stated: “The act of righteousness [hatzedaka] will be peace” (Isaiah 32:17).
Great is peace, as the name of the Omnipresent is called peace, as it is stated: “He called it: The Lord is peace” (Judges 6:24).
Great is peace, as those who reside On High require peace, as it is stated: “He makes peace in His heights” (Job 25:2). The matters can be inferred a fortiori; if in a place where there is no enmity and hatred they require peace, all the more so for a place where all these attributes exist.
Rabbi Shimon would say: Come and see that the attribute of flesh and blood is not like the attribute of the Holy One blessed be He. A king of flesh and blood, when he goes out to war he goes with multitudes and legions, but when he goes to make peace, he goes alone. But the attribute of the Holy One blessed be He is not so. When He goes to make peace, He emerges with multitudes and legions, as it is stated: “He makes peace in His heights” (Job 25:2), and then it is written: “Is there a number to His troops?” (Job 25:3). And it says: “The chariots of God are myriads, thousands upon thousands of companies. My Lord is among them, at Sinai, in holiness” (Psalms 68:18). And it says: “Thousands upon thousands serve Him, and myriads upon myriads…” (Daniel 7:10). But when He goes out to war, He goes alone, as it is stated: “The Lord is a Man of war…” (Exodus 15:3) – He wages war with His name and does not require assistance. And it says: “I have trodden a winepress alone…” (Isaiah 63:3).
You find that when the Holy One blessed be He exacted retribution from the generation of the Flood, He exacted retribution only alone, as it is stated: “Behold, I am bringing the Flood, water….” (Genesis 6:17). Likewise, from the people of Sodom, He exacted retribution only alone: “The Lord rained [brimstone and fire] upon Sodom and [upon Gomorrah from the Lord from the heavens]” (Genesis 19:24). Likewise when He exacted retribution from the Egyptians, as it is stated: “The Lord smote every firstborn…” (Exodus 12:29). Likewise, He exacted retribution alone from the Emorites, as it is stated: “And the Lord cast large stones upon them” (Joshua 10:11). Likewise, from Sennacherib, He exacted retribution alone, as it is stated: “The angel of the Lord emerged and smote in the camp…” (II Kings 19:35).
One verse says: “Is there a number to His troops?” (Job 25:3), and one verse says: “Thousands upon thousands serve Him” (Daniel 7:10). When Israel were exiled, “Thousands upon thousands serve Him”; as it were, the entourage On High was diminished. Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says in the name of Abba Yosei ben Dostai: “Thousands upon thousands serve Him” – one troop; how many troops are they? “Is there a number to his troops?”
One verse says: “He counts a number for the stars, and calls them all by names” (Psalms 147:4), and one verse says: “Who brings out their host by number, calling all of them by name” (Isaiah 40:26).40One verse implies that each one is called by a separate name, and one verse implies that they are all called by one name. When the Holy One blessed be He calls them, He calls all their names simultaneously and they respond, something that is impossible for flesh and blood, to call two names simultaneously. Likewise it says: “God spoke all these matters, saying” (Exodus 20:1). It teaches that He said all of the Ten Commandments in one utterance. And it says: “God spoke one; these are two that I heard. Might belongs to God” (Psalms 62:12). And it says: “Is My word not like fire, the utterance of the Lord, and like a hammer that shatters the rock?” (Jeremiah 23:29).41See Shabbat 88b. Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says in the name of Abba Yosei ben Dostai: What is “and calls them all by names”? There is no name repeated; the name that he is called now is not the name that he is called later. Likewise it says: “Why do you ask my name? It is hidden” (Judges 13:18). I do not know to what name I will be switched.
One verse says: “David gave to Ornan for the place shekels of gold, six hundred by weight” (I Chronicles 21:25), and one verse says: “For silver, fifty shekels” (II Samuel 24:24). How can both of these verses be realized? It was the place of the threshing floor for six hundred [shekels of gold], the place of the altar for fifty [shekels of silver]. Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says in the name of Abba Yosei ben Dostai: There were twelve tribes, and David took fifty shekels from each and every tribe, the result being six hundred shekels from all the tribes.42See Zevaḥim 116b, where the Gemara explains that according to this opinion David collected from each tribe an amount of silver worth fifty shekels of gold, and paid to Ornan an amount of silver worth six hundred shekels of gold. Rabbi Elazar ben Shamua says: The threshing floor for six hundred, but “the cattle for the burnt offering, the threshing tools, and the implements of the cattle for the wood” (II Samuel 24:22), were for “fifty shekels of silver.”
One verse says: “Solomon had four thousand stables for horses” (II Chronicles 9:25), and one verse says: “Solomon had forty thousand horses’ stables” (I Kings 5:6). How can both of these verses be realized? There were four thousand large stables, with forty thousand horses.
One verse says: “It would hold three thousand bat that it contained” (II Chronicles 4:5), and one verse says: “It would hold two thousand bat” (I Kings 7:26). How can both of these verses be realized? It was two thousand for liquid and three thousand for dry goods. From here they said: Two kor of liquid that are three kor of dry goods.43The term bat, which measured volume, represented different volumes depending on whether the item being measured was liquid or solid. The same was true for the kor. Two kor of liquid took up the same amount of space as three kor of dry goods.
Beloved is peace, as for all the deeds and meritorious acts performed by Abraham our patriarch, He gave only peace as his reward, as it is stated: “You will come to your fathers in peace” (Genesis 15:15). Likewise, you find regarding Jacob our patriarch, who requested peace from the Omnipresent, as it is stated: “And I will return [to my father’s house] in peace” (Genesis 28:21). Likewise you find regarding Aaron, who was praised before the Omnipresent only with peace, as it is stated: “My covenant was with him, life and peace” (Malachi 2:5). Likewise you find regarding Pinḥas that He gave peace as his reward, as it is stated: “Behold, I am granting him My covenant of peace” (Numbers 25:12). Likewise, you find that the Torah was analogized only to peace, as it is stated: “And all its paths are peace” (Proverbs 3:17). Likewise, you find that the Holy One blessed be He consoles Jerusalem only with peace, as it is stated: “My people will reside in an abode of peace” (Isaiah 32:18). Likewise, He exacted retribution from Amon and Moav only by withholding peace from them, as it is stated: “You shall not seek their peace or their welfare…” (Deuteronomy 23:7). Likewise, Israel is blessed each day with peace, as it is stated: “And grant you peace.”