וְהָי֨וּ אֵ֧לֶּה לָכֶ֛ם לְחֻקַּ֥ת מִשְׁפָּ֖ט לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶ֑ם בְּכֹ֖ל מוֹשְׁבֹתֵיכֶֽם׃
דאָס זאָל אײַך זײַן פֿאַר אַ רעכטגעזעץ אױף אײַערע דָור-דורות אין אַלע אײַערע װוינערטער.
Ramban
FOR THE POOR SHALL NEVER CEASE OUT OF THE LAND. Commentators302Reference is to Ibn Ezra and others. have said that the meaning thereof is that the poor shall never cease out of the Land at any of all times, for there will always be poor in the Land, for it was apparent before Him that they will not do [to make possible] what he said to them, But there shall be no needy among you,303Above, Verse 4. if only thou diligently hearken unto the voice of the Eternal thy G-d to observe to do all this commandment.304Verse 5. But it is not correct in my opinion, for the Torah may allude to what will be but it would not explicitly prophesy about them [the Israelites] that they will not fulfill the Torah, nor would he have commanded them [to observe the commandments while foretelling] that they would always transgress them. Forbid it! It is only by way of warning that he mentions [their transgressions].
The correct interpretation is that he says that it is impossible for the poor to cease so that none should ever exist. He [Moses] mentioned this because, having assured them that there would be no needy if they observe all the commandments305Verse 7. he said: “But I know that not all generations forever will observe all the commandments in which case there would be no need to charge you concerning the poor, for perhaps, at some time, there will exist poor and so I command you about him if he will be found.” He states out of the Land [for the poor shall never cease ‘out of the Land’] in order to allude to the entire habitation [anywhere on earth], for the promise that there would not be needy among us applies in the Land which the Eternal our G-d giveth us for an inheritance303Above, Verse 4. if we will fulfill there all the commandments. And now he said that it is possible that, at some period or at some place where you will have settled, there be found a poor man among you. For the meaning of the expression in thy Land305Verse 7. [If there be among you a needy man … ‘in thy Land’] is like in all your habitations306Exodus 12:20. — within the Land of Israel and outside of the Land.
The correct interpretation is that he says that it is impossible for the poor to cease so that none should ever exist. He [Moses] mentioned this because, having assured them that there would be no needy if they observe all the commandments305Verse 7. he said: “But I know that not all generations forever will observe all the commandments in which case there would be no need to charge you concerning the poor, for perhaps, at some time, there will exist poor and so I command you about him if he will be found.” He states out of the Land [for the poor shall never cease ‘out of the Land’] in order to allude to the entire habitation [anywhere on earth], for the promise that there would not be needy among us applies in the Land which the Eternal our G-d giveth us for an inheritance303Above, Verse 4. if we will fulfill there all the commandments. And now he said that it is possible that, at some period or at some place where you will have settled, there be found a poor man among you. For the meaning of the expression in thy Land305Verse 7. [If there be among you a needy man … ‘in thy Land’] is like in all your habitations306Exodus 12:20. — within the Land of Israel and outside of the Land.
Ramban
JUDGES ‘V’SHOTRIM’ SHALT THOU MAKE THEE IN ALL THY GATES WHICH THE ETERNAL THY G-D GIVETH THEE. He has commanded in the Torah, the word of both parties shall come before ha’elohim (the judges);1Exodus 22:8. Ha’elohim indicates that “the judges” had received ordination. and he shall pay as the judges determine.2Ibid., 21:22. If so, He commanded [by implication] that Israel is to have judges, and here he [Moses] explained that they are to appoint judges in all their cities when G-d will give them the Land. For outside of the Land they are not required to appoint a court for themselves; rather, when an aggrieved party complains, people qualified to judge are to arise for him and according to their ordinances shall they judge it.3Ezekiel 44:24. Or the parties are to go up to the Land in the proper time [i.e., when there are courts of ordained judges functioning in the Land of Israel],4Thus, when there are courts of ordained judges functioning in the Land of Israel, Jews living outside of the Land are not obligated to appoint judges, for, if there is some litigation between them they can appear before the judges in the Land. — On ordination, see further Note 8; also, Vol. II, p. 339, Note 20. and there, they will adjudicate it in the place of righteousness. He added here [that it is obligatory to appoint] shotrim, who are the ones that execute the judgment.
Accordingly, Israelites living outside of the Land are not commanded to appoint for themselves judges in the cities. And so wrote Harav Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon.5Mishneh Torah, Shoftim, Hilchoth Sanhedrin 1:2. But in Tractate Makkoth the Rabbis have taught:6Makkoth 7a. “And these things shall be for a statute of judgment unto you throughout your generations in all your dwellings.7Numbers 35:29. This teaches that the laws of Sanhedrin are binding both within and without the Land. If so, why is it stated Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates? In the Land you are to appoint [judges] in every district and in every city; outside the Land you are to appoint [judges] in every district, but you are not obligated to do so in every city.” From this text it would appear that we are required to appoint a Sanhedrin outside the Land — not in every city as in the Land of Israel, but in every district. If so, this commandment is binding at all times in civil cases and in matters that may be adjudicated outside the Land. Nowadays, however, that ordination has ceased,8Ordination was the process of investiture with judicial rights and functions which had continued in an unbroken chain from Moses our teacher. Since ordination was valid only if both the ordainers and the ordained were in the Land of Israel, this process of investiture ceased to exist sometime in the middle of the fourth century [Common Era] because the severe Roman persecutions of the Jews in the Land of Israel forced them to migrate to Babylon and elsewhere. According to Rambam, if all Sages in the Land of Israel would agree to reinstitute ordination, they are empowered to do so (Mishneh Torah, Shoftim, Hilchoth Sanhedrin 4:11). Such an attempt was made by Rabbi Yaakov Beirav of Safed in the middle of the sixteenth century in the days of Rabbi Yoseph Karo, author of the Shulchan Aruch. The attempt failed for various reasons, one of them being that Rambam concluded his statement with the equivocal phrase “and the matter needs yet a final decision.” since, according to Torah-law, all judicial functions are void — for it is written, “[And these are the ordinances which thou shalt set] before them,9Exodus 21:1. and not before commoners ”10Gittin 88b. and we [not being ordained,] are commoners, and would not be empowered to adjudicate outside the Land except for the Rabbinical ordinance that we “carry out the commission of the former ones [who had received ordination]”11By this principle judges are empowered nowadays to adjudicate matters which are common occurrences and involve monetary losses, such as loans, Kethubah (marriage contract), inheritance, damages, etc. But matters not of common occurrence [such as one animal damaging another] or not involving a monetary loss [such as the additional amount levied as a fine upon returning stolen goods] are not enforceable. See Choshen Mishpat, I, for further clarification of this principle. — we are not at all bound, according to Torah-law, by the commandment to appoint judges.
Accordingly, Israelites living outside of the Land are not commanded to appoint for themselves judges in the cities. And so wrote Harav Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon.5Mishneh Torah, Shoftim, Hilchoth Sanhedrin 1:2. But in Tractate Makkoth the Rabbis have taught:6Makkoth 7a. “And these things shall be for a statute of judgment unto you throughout your generations in all your dwellings.7Numbers 35:29. This teaches that the laws of Sanhedrin are binding both within and without the Land. If so, why is it stated Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates? In the Land you are to appoint [judges] in every district and in every city; outside the Land you are to appoint [judges] in every district, but you are not obligated to do so in every city.” From this text it would appear that we are required to appoint a Sanhedrin outside the Land — not in every city as in the Land of Israel, but in every district. If so, this commandment is binding at all times in civil cases and in matters that may be adjudicated outside the Land. Nowadays, however, that ordination has ceased,8Ordination was the process of investiture with judicial rights and functions which had continued in an unbroken chain from Moses our teacher. Since ordination was valid only if both the ordainers and the ordained were in the Land of Israel, this process of investiture ceased to exist sometime in the middle of the fourth century [Common Era] because the severe Roman persecutions of the Jews in the Land of Israel forced them to migrate to Babylon and elsewhere. According to Rambam, if all Sages in the Land of Israel would agree to reinstitute ordination, they are empowered to do so (Mishneh Torah, Shoftim, Hilchoth Sanhedrin 4:11). Such an attempt was made by Rabbi Yaakov Beirav of Safed in the middle of the sixteenth century in the days of Rabbi Yoseph Karo, author of the Shulchan Aruch. The attempt failed for various reasons, one of them being that Rambam concluded his statement with the equivocal phrase “and the matter needs yet a final decision.” since, according to Torah-law, all judicial functions are void — for it is written, “[And these are the ordinances which thou shalt set] before them,9Exodus 21:1. and not before commoners ”10Gittin 88b. and we [not being ordained,] are commoners, and would not be empowered to adjudicate outside the Land except for the Rabbinical ordinance that we “carry out the commission of the former ones [who had received ordination]”11By this principle judges are empowered nowadays to adjudicate matters which are common occurrences and involve monetary losses, such as loans, Kethubah (marriage contract), inheritance, damages, etc. But matters not of common occurrence [such as one animal damaging another] or not involving a monetary loss [such as the additional amount levied as a fine upon returning stolen goods] are not enforceable. See Choshen Mishpat, I, for further clarification of this principle. — we are not at all bound, according to Torah-law, by the commandment to appoint judges.
Rav Hirsch
נדבה תעשה אותו ולנדר לא ירצה. Nachdem V. 18 בעל מום, von jedem Opfer לכל נדריהם ולכל נדבותם, sei es zur Lösung eines נדר oder als נדבה, ausgeschlossen ist, so kann hier unmöglich mit dem נדבה תעשה אותו dessen Darbringung als נדבה gestattet sein. Ohnehin wäre der Ausdruck נדבה תעשה אותו für Darbringung eines zum Opfer geweihten Tieres nicht korrekt. Wo עשה beim Opfer die Vollziehung der Opferhandlungen bezeichnet, hat es als Objekt das Tier und dessen Opfercharakter bei sich, der die Opferhandlungen bestimmt und in ihnen vollzogen wird. So ואת השני יעשה עולה כמשפט (Kap. 5, 10), ועשה הכהן את החטאת (Kap. 14, 19), ועשה וגו׳ את האחד חטאת ואת האחד עולה (daselbst 30, 31), ועשיתם עולה (Bamidbar 29, 2), וכי תעשה בן בקר עולה (daselbst 15, 8) usw. Allein נדבה ist nichts, was erst durch die Opferhandlung zum Vollzug kommt oder dieselbe charakterisiert, ist vielmehr eine Veranlassung, die dem Opfer vorangeht und zu welcher das Opfer in Beziehung steht. ,Bezeichnete daher hier תעשה die Opferhandlung, so würde es לנדבה תעשה אותו heißen wie V. 21: ואיש כי יקריב זבח וגו׳ לנרבה oder: ועשיתם וגו׳ עולה וגו׳ לפלא נדר או בנדכה (Bamidbar 15, 3)נדבה תעשה , kann daher nur die Tätigkeit bezeichnen durch welche ein Tier נדבה wird: die weihende Tätigkeit, die sich in der Formel הרי זו נדבה ausspricht. So heißt auch Kap. 16, 8 ועשהו חטאת die Bestimmung des Tieres zum חטאת. Indem es aber hier im Gegensatz zu dem לא ירצה des folgenden Satzes steht, welches das letzte und höchste Moment des Opferzweckes bedeutet, so kann dem gegenüber hier auch das תעשה nur eine solche weihende Tätigkeit bezeichnen, die nicht erst noch folgende Handlungen einleitet, sondern die ebenso einen Abschluss bildet, wie das לא ירצה des folgenden. Es erläutert daher auch die Halacha (Temura 6b): נדבה תעשה אותו זה קדשי בדק הבית ולנדר לא ירצה זה קדשי מזבח und ist damit die Bestimmung gegeben, daß בעלי מומים wohl zu קדשי בדק הבית, d. h. zu Heiligtümern der Tempelunterhaltung, nicht aber zu קדשי מזבח, zu Opfern für den Altar geweiht werden dürfen. קדשי בדק הבית sind nur ihrem Werte nach heilig, קדושת דמים, sie werden entweder in Natura für den Tempel verwendet oder sie werden ausgelöst und ihr Lösewert fällt der Tempelkasse zu gute. קדשי מזבח haben קדושת הגוף sind an sich heilig, sie haben, so lange sie מום-frei sind, keine Auslösung, sondern kommen selbst als Opfer auf den Altar. Dieser Begriff der קדשי בדק הבית ist hier durch נדבה ausgedrückt, ebenso wie die Weihespenden zum משכן-Bau, die ersten קדשי ברק הבית (Bamidbar 35, 29 und 36, 3) נדבה genannt werden. Dessen Gegensatz, קדשי מזבח die Bestimmung zum Opfer, ist durch ולנדר לא ירצה untersagt. Daß hier von קדושת הגוף, von der Weihe des Tieres zum Opfer die Rede ist, das ist durch die Aussage: לא ירצה außer Zweifel. Irren wir aber nicht, so ist hier der Opferbegriff überhaupt in sehr bezeichnender Weise als Gegensatz zu נדבה durch נדר ausgedrückt und damit der Begriff des פסול מום in helles Licht gesetzt. Jedes Opfer ist nämlich seiner eigentlichen Bedeutung nach ein נדר, es löst nicht sowohl ein Gelübde, als es ein Gelöbnis ausspricht. Der Opferbringende gelobt, sein Blut, die Nieren und das חלב seiner Triebe und Ziele, die Glieder seiner ganzen Tätigkeit also ferner der Erfüllung ,des göttlichen Gesetzes zum göttlichen Wohlgefallen hinzugeben, wie dies mit dem דם den אימורים und איברים seines Opfers zum symbolischen Ausdruck gelangt. אספו לי חסירי כרתי בריתי עלי זבח lautet Ps.50, 5 der Ruf, mit welchem Gott die Seinen zum Gerichte mit Israel um sich versammelt. חסיר ist der sich Gott hinopfernde, der mit jedem Opfer sein Bundesgelöbnis mit Gott erneut, und diese Selbsthinopferung ist es, die sich jeder mit seinem Opfer zum gelobenden Vorsatz machen soll. זבח לאלקים תורה ושלם לעליון נדריך lautet die Anforderung, die dieses die missbräuchliche Auffassung der Opfer rügende Kapitel an jeden setzt. תודה , ein Gott huldigendes Bekenntnis soll das Opfer sein und ihm die Erfüllung der damit ausgesprochenen Gelöbnisse folgen. Wo in den Psalmen und in den Propheten die zeitgenössischen Opferdarbringungen getadelt werden, da wird nirgends das Opfer an sich, sondern die missbräuchliche Auffassung desselben gerügt, die in dem Opfer ein opus operatum erblickt und vergißt, daß Opfer nur dann Wert haben, wenn sie nicht Pflichttreue ersetzen, sondern die erneute Einleitung eines pflichtgetreuen Lebens sein sollen, daß aber זבח רשעים, die für ihren Frevel gegen das göttliche Gesetz sich durch Opfer mit Gott ab finden wollen, תועבה ist. Es ist dies ein Tadel, der in ganz gleichem Ernst und ganz gleicher Schwere auch Beten und Festtagsfeier (siehe Jesaias 1) trifft, wenn diese ein pflichtgetreues Leben ersetzen und nicht vielmehr fördern sollen. Der Psalmist und der Prophet würde in ganz gleicher Weise sein zürnendes Wort den Stab über den Gottesdienst so mancher heutigen synagogalen Kreise brechen lassen. Daher finden wir auch an anderen Stellen נדרים mit Opfern verbunden: ויזבחו זבח לד׳ וידרו נדרים (Jona 1 16), ועבדו זבח ומנחה ונדרו נדר לד׳ ושלמו (Jes.19. 21), und offenbar sind da Gelübde und deren Erfüllung nicht Ursache, sondern Folgen der Opfer: es sind die beim Opfer gefaßten Vorsätze.