יֵ֣שׁ בּ֭וֹטֶה כְּמַדְקְר֣וֹת חָ֑רֶב וּלְשׁ֖וֹן חֲכָמִ֣ים מַרְפֵּֽא׃
פֿאַראַן דער װאָס פּלאַפּלט װי שטעך פֿון אַ שװערד, אָבער די צונג פֿון די קלוגע איז אַ הײלונג.
Bartenura
יפחתו לו בכבוד המקום – he (Rabbi Tzadok) is raising an objection on the matter of Rabbi Eliezer, for just as that you open [to elicit regret] with the honor of his father and mother, and we don’t suspect that perhaps he will lie, let him open [to elicit regret] with the honor of “the Place” (i.e., God) and they will inform him, that if you had known that you would be called wicket before “the Place” (i.e., God), you would never take a vow? But the Sages said to him according Rabbi Eliezer, that from here, you will not find you will not support them, for even Rabbi Eliezer admits to this, specifically that he may lie, for a person a person is not so impudent that he would not set aside something for the honor of “the Place” (i.e., God), and it is not similar to that of Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel (see Talmud Nedarim 22a) who opened [to elicit regret] for that person (Proverbs 12:18): “There is blunt talk like sword thrusts [But the speech of the wise is healing].” That there he says to him from the Biblical verses like that which is taught in our Mishnah (see Tractate Nedarim, Chapter 9, Mishnah 4) that he is transgressing on (Leviticus 19:17): “You shall not hate your kinfolk in your heart,” (Leviticus 19:18): “You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against your countrymen.” But when we mention to him the honor of God (i.e., המקום ), then he certainly is lying. And the Halakha is according to the Sages.
Rav Hirsch
V. 4. בטא .לבטא kommt nur hier und Bamidbar 30, 8 u. 9 von Gelobungen und Eiden und sonst noch Prov. 12, 18: יש בוטה כמדקרות חרב und Ps. 106, 33 ויבטא בשפתיו vor. Erwägen wir, daß in den beiden letzten Stellen ganz entschieden von Äußerungen die Rede ist, die besser unterblieben wären, daß auch Gelobungen zu den in der Regel nicht zu billigenden Aussprüchen gehören, so dürfte schon dieser Ausdruck auch hier anzeigen, daß wir es hier ebenfalls mit an sich nicht zu billigenden Äußerungen zu tun haben, wie dies auch der nähere Inhalt dieses Gesetzes bestätigt, das sich ja auf, wie bereits bemerkt, in der Regel nicht gebilligte promissorische oder geradezu unwahre assertorische Eide bezieht. Lautverwandt erscheint בטא mit בדה פתח ,פתע ,פתא ,פתה, deren letzte vier ein nach außen ungeschütztes, wehrloses Offenstehen bedeuten, das auch in בדה den Begriff des Erdichtens als eine solche Denk- und Sprechtätigkeit auffassen lassen dürfte, die sich durch die entgegenstehende objektive Wahrheit der Außenwelt nicht behindern lässt. Daher auch das nahe verwandte בטח: die Zuversicht, jener Zustand des Geistes und des Gemütes, der sich der Außenwelt gegenüber keines Schutzes bedürftig fühlt, nichts von außen fürchtet. Vergleichen wir die schon (Bereschit 8, 1) hervorgehobene Verwandtschaft שגג und שכך, sowie של und שלו, wo eine unüberlegte, sich verirrende Tätigkeit nach dem Merkmal unbekümmerter, sorgloser Ruhe bezeichnet wird, so dürfte auch die Verwandtschaft mit בטא בטח als eine um ihren objektiven Wert, oder ihre Folgen unbekümmerte Äußerung auffassen lassen. כי תשבע לבטא בשפתים setzt somit den Fall, daß eine solche Äußerung unter der Form eines Eides getan wird. Schebuot 26b wird in der Beifügung בשפתים für promissorische Eide, von denen der Wortlaut des Textes zunächst handelt, die Bestimmung gelehrt, daß גמר בלבו צריך שיוציא בשפתיו, daß ein unausgesprochener gelobender Vorsatz nicht bindend sei, von welchem Kanon nur תרומה und קדשים, von denen es כל נדיב לבו (Schmot 35, 5) und כל נדיב לב עולות (Chron. II. 29, 31) heißt, eine Ausnahme bilden (siehe zu Schmot 35, 5).
Kli Yakar
And he said to the wicked one, “Why do you strike your fellow?” Rashi explained that even though he did not strike him by raising his hand, he is called wicked; “your fellow” — a wicked one like yourself. But this is difficult: Who told Moses that this one was wicked like the other? Furthermore, where is it written that he sought to strike him, as it does not say “and he raised his hand to strike him”?
It seems to me that the language of striking [hakkah] also applies to speech, as it is written: There is one who speaks rashly like the piercings of a sword (Proverbs 12:18). And it is written: Cursed be he who strikes his fellow in secret (Deuteronomy 27:24). For one who casts a blemish upon his fellow, there is no greater strike than this. And our Sages of blessed memory said (Kiddushin 70a), “Whoever invalidates others, does so with his own blemish.”
Moses saw two Hebrews fighting with insults and blasphemies, and therefore both of them were wicked, for it is the trait of the righteous to be among those who are insulted but do not insult, who hear the voice of those who revile them but do not respond. He called him “your fellow, a wicked one exactly like yourself,” because with the same blemish that you invalidate him and strike him with the whip of your tongue, surely that same blemish is found in you as well, for whoever invalidates others does so with his own blemish. Therefore he said: Why do you strike your fellow?, because he is your fellow in this blemish.
It seems to me that the language of striking [hakkah] also applies to speech, as it is written: There is one who speaks rashly like the piercings of a sword (Proverbs 12:18). And it is written: Cursed be he who strikes his fellow in secret (Deuteronomy 27:24). For one who casts a blemish upon his fellow, there is no greater strike than this. And our Sages of blessed memory said (Kiddushin 70a), “Whoever invalidates others, does so with his own blemish.”
Moses saw two Hebrews fighting with insults and blasphemies, and therefore both of them were wicked, for it is the trait of the righteous to be among those who are insulted but do not insult, who hear the voice of those who revile them but do not respond. He called him “your fellow, a wicked one exactly like yourself,” because with the same blemish that you invalidate him and strike him with the whip of your tongue, surely that same blemish is found in you as well, for whoever invalidates others does so with his own blemish. Therefore he said: Why do you strike your fellow?, because he is your fellow in this blemish.