Kommentar zu Dewarim 16:9
שִׁבְעָ֥ה שָׁבֻעֹ֖ת תִּסְפָּר־לָ֑ךְ מֵהָחֵ֤ל חֶרְמֵשׁ֙ בַּקָּמָ֔ה תָּחֵ֣ל לִסְפֹּ֔ר שִׁבְעָ֖ה שָׁבֻעֽוֹת׃
Sieben Wochen sollst du dir zählen; Ab dem Zeitpunkt, an dem die Sichel zum ersten Mal auf den stehenden Mais gelegt wird, sollst du sieben Wochen zählen.
Rashi on Deuteronomy
מהחל חרמש בקמה [BEGIN TO NUMBER SEVEN WEEKS] FROM THE TIME THOU BEGINNEST TO PUT THE SICKLE TO THE CORN — i.e. from when the “Omer” has been cut (from the sixteenth of Nisan) which is the first produce to be harvested (Leviticus 23:10) (cf. Sifrei Devarim 136:2-3; Menachot 71a).
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
FROM THE TIME THE SICKLE IS FIRST PUT TO THE STANDING CORN. The meaning thereof is “from the time you begin to put the sickle to the standing corn,” seeing that He has already mentioned when we are to begin to raise the sickle upon the standing corn in bringing the omer [a measure of the new barley brought as a meal-offering on the second day of Passover] which is the first-fruit of our harvest.357Leviticus 23:11. and the Midrash [of this verse] is:358Sifre, R’eih 316. “It teaches that the omer be reaped only with a sickle.”
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
מהחל חרמש בקמה, in the standing barley, which is to serve as the Omer offering. We know already from Exodus 9,31 that the barley crop ripens in spring (in the latitudes which include Egypt and the Land of Israel. Ed]. Seven weeks elapse between the beginning of the barley harvest and that of the wheat harvest. Hence you are to count these seven weeks.
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
תחל לספר שבעה שבעות, "you shall commence to count seven weeks." Why did the Torah repeat the need to count seven weeks? Perhaps the Torah meant that in the event that on the date in question the wheat had not yet advanced in growth to the stage when one could cut it with a sickle, and you may use left over wheat from last year's crop to present the new loaves (based on the word ממשבותיכם in Leviticus 23,17 (compare Menachot 83), you must still commence to count the seven weeks starting on the second day of Passover. This is how I have to explain the repetition according to the many authorities who hold that nowadays when we do not have the Temple the whole legislation is only a rabbinic decree. According to those who hold that the decree is biblical also in our times, the basis for such a ruling is the repetition of the words "seven weeks."
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Rashbam on Deuteronomy
מהחל חרמש, as per Onkelos, for the Omer is known as the beginning of the harvest season. (Leviticus 23,10)
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Tur HaArokh
מהחל חרמש בקמה, “when the sickle is first out to the standing grain.” The precise date when this occurs has already been spelled out in Leviticus 23,15 as being the 16th of Nissan.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
שבעה שבועות תספר לך, “you are to count for yourself seven weeks.” The Torah here lists the three pilgrimage festivals in their consecutive order, Pesach, Shavuot, Sukkot. The holidays of New Year and Day of Atonement are not mentioned here as on those days the people did not assemble in the Temple. This is also why nowadays in our Mussaph prayers on those days we do not include the line: “we are unable to make the pilgrimage to the House of our Chosenness there to be seen, etc.”
The reason the Torah wrote: “count for yourself” in the singular, whereas in Leviticus 23,16 the same directive is written in the plural, תספרו חמישים יום, is simply that the Torah often alternates between the singular and the plural. We find this especially if originally the law was addressed to the multitude, in the plural. The idea is that an individual should not have an excuse to say that as long as the community has fulfilled the commandment in question that he is covered by this seeing he is part of the community. He might reason that he would escape punishment for non-performance. The Torah therefore repeats the commandment using the singular to disabuse such an individual of the idea that he could use the community as his shield. Another prominent example of this is found in Numbers 15,38 in connection with the law of tzitzit where the Torah wrote “they shall make as part of the fringes a tassle of blue wool;” subsequently in Deut. 22,12 the law appears as addressed to the individual, i.e. גדילים תעשה לך על ארבע כנפות כסותך, “make fringes for yourself on the four corners of your garment.” We find these switches from plural to singular and vice versa even within the same verse describing a single commandment. Leviticus 19,9 is one of numerous such examples.
There is another reason why the Torah switches from plural to singular. If the Torah would write the commandment only in the plural I might conclude that the commandment was addressed exclusively to the court. This is why the commandment also had to be formulated as addressed to individuals. We have an example of this in the commandment of using the four species of plants on the first day of Sukkot. The Torah writes in Leviticus 23,40 (using the plural) “take for yourselves on the first day, the fruit of the tree called Hadar,” etc., etc. Nowhere is mention made of this commandment in connection with an individual. I would have interpreted this commandment as subject to performance only by members of the Sanhedrin were it not for the fact that the Torah adds: “you shall be joyful in the presence of the Lord your G’d” (Deut. 16,12). Clearly, the commandment to be joyful cannot be meant for the members of the Sanhedrin only but must be meant for each and every individual Israelite. Moreover that part of the commandment has also been formulated in the singular in 16,14. If other commandments had been formulated only in the plural we would indeed have understood that they apply only collectively, to the Bet Din in its capacity as representatives of the people.
Concerning the commandment to count from Pessach to Shavuot, our sages in Chagigah 17 said that the fact that the Torah speaks both of counting days and of counting weeks means that there are actually two commandments (according to some authorities). Some hold (“Sefer HaMaor” end of Pessachim) that the “week” needs to be mentioned only after the previous week has been completed whereas others hold that as soon as the first week has been completed mention of the week is mandatory every evening, side by side with mention of the day of the count. The “weeks” are understood as an allusion to the seventh millennium and this is why it must be mentioned every evening (Ibn Ezra). [Bet Yosseph on Tur 489 brings an opinion quoted by Avi Haezri that only the weeks have to be counted. (mentioned in Rabbi Chavell’s glossary)]
The reason the Torah wrote: “count for yourself” in the singular, whereas in Leviticus 23,16 the same directive is written in the plural, תספרו חמישים יום, is simply that the Torah often alternates between the singular and the plural. We find this especially if originally the law was addressed to the multitude, in the plural. The idea is that an individual should not have an excuse to say that as long as the community has fulfilled the commandment in question that he is covered by this seeing he is part of the community. He might reason that he would escape punishment for non-performance. The Torah therefore repeats the commandment using the singular to disabuse such an individual of the idea that he could use the community as his shield. Another prominent example of this is found in Numbers 15,38 in connection with the law of tzitzit where the Torah wrote “they shall make as part of the fringes a tassle of blue wool;” subsequently in Deut. 22,12 the law appears as addressed to the individual, i.e. גדילים תעשה לך על ארבע כנפות כסותך, “make fringes for yourself on the four corners of your garment.” We find these switches from plural to singular and vice versa even within the same verse describing a single commandment. Leviticus 19,9 is one of numerous such examples.
There is another reason why the Torah switches from plural to singular. If the Torah would write the commandment only in the plural I might conclude that the commandment was addressed exclusively to the court. This is why the commandment also had to be formulated as addressed to individuals. We have an example of this in the commandment of using the four species of plants on the first day of Sukkot. The Torah writes in Leviticus 23,40 (using the plural) “take for yourselves on the first day, the fruit of the tree called Hadar,” etc., etc. Nowhere is mention made of this commandment in connection with an individual. I would have interpreted this commandment as subject to performance only by members of the Sanhedrin were it not for the fact that the Torah adds: “you shall be joyful in the presence of the Lord your G’d” (Deut. 16,12). Clearly, the commandment to be joyful cannot be meant for the members of the Sanhedrin only but must be meant for each and every individual Israelite. Moreover that part of the commandment has also been formulated in the singular in 16,14. If other commandments had been formulated only in the plural we would indeed have understood that they apply only collectively, to the Bet Din in its capacity as representatives of the people.
Concerning the commandment to count from Pessach to Shavuot, our sages in Chagigah 17 said that the fact that the Torah speaks both of counting days and of counting weeks means that there are actually two commandments (according to some authorities). Some hold (“Sefer HaMaor” end of Pessachim) that the “week” needs to be mentioned only after the previous week has been completed whereas others hold that as soon as the first week has been completed mention of the week is mandatory every evening, side by side with mention of the day of the count. The “weeks” are understood as an allusion to the seventh millennium and this is why it must be mentioned every evening (Ibn Ezra). [Bet Yosseph on Tur 489 brings an opinion quoted by Avi Haezri that only the weeks have to be counted. (mentioned in Rabbi Chavell’s glossary)]
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Siftei Chakhamim
From the time the omer is cut, etc. I.e., it does not depend upon the beginning of the harvest, but rather upon the time the omer is cut. But since the harvest begins with the omer, Scripture writes, “From the time the sickle begins felling the standing grain."
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 9. שבעה שבעת. Die Bedeutung dieser Wochenzählung und des Wochenfestes, zu welchem sie führt und das von ihr seinen Namen hat, haben wir bereits ausführlich zu Wajikra 23, 10 — 21 besprochen. Hier, in dem Gesetzeskompendium für die Dezentralisation im Lande, wird von diesem Feste nur dasjenige hervorgehoben, was dem einzelnen zur Erfüllung an diesem Feste obliegt, sich mit seinen Einzelfestopfern — עולות ראיה שלמי חגיגה שלמי שמחה — in den nationalen Festkreis (חג) an der Gottesstätte einzufügen, und dort nicht nur selbst mit seinem Hause sich der Freude vor Gott zu freuen, sondern die minderbegüterten Genossen, den Leviten, den Fremden, die Waise und die Witwe des aus dem göttlichen Gesetze quillenden Segens an der Gottesstätte inne werden zu lassen, der jeden vor Gottes Angesicht im Angesichte seines Gesetzesheiligtums sich Freuenden zu einem Freude Spendenden an alle solcher Spende Bedürftigen gestaltet. Die die Bikurimzeit einleitende שתי לחם-Opferinstitution, die dieses Wochenfest charakterisiert, ist Gesamtheitsaufgabe, קרבן צבור, und wie sehr eben die von jedem einzelnen zu pflegende Fürsorge für die Existenz und Lebensfreude der unbegüterten Brüder Konsequenz und Verwirklichung eben des mit diesem קרבן צבור zum Ausdruck Gebrachten sein soll, das haben wir daselbst zu V. 22 entwickelt.
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Chizkuni
שבעה שבעות, “seven weeks;” the reason why this verse too is a kind of repetition, i.e. we had already heard that unleavened bread was to be eaten during the festival of Passover, after which seven weeks were to be counted, etc. in Leviticus 23,1422, is that there is a new element here, i.e. that the count is to begin when the first offering of the new barley harvest, the omer, is offered to G-d in the Temple. The validity of this law as a Biblical law is related to the Jewish people living on their own land at that time. (Compare verse 11)
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Rabbeinu Bahya
מהחל חרמש בקמה תחל לספור, “you are to start counting from the time the sickle will begin cutting the standing crop.” This teaches that cutting the barley and beginning the count of the seven weeks is to occur simultaneously. Our sages (Sifri Re-ey 136) add that I might have thought that whereas the cutting and the counting have to occur simultaneously, offering of the “Omer” could take place whenever one wanted; to ensure that we would not understand the commandment in this way the Torah added מיום הביאכם, (Leviticus 23,15) that the day we start counting is to coincide with the day the offering is presented on the altar.
The meaning of the words מיום הביאכם could also be that reaping, counting and presenting on the altar should all take place simultaneously, and this is why the Torah does not write ביום, “on the day,” but מיום, “from the day.” The cutting and counting are to take place at night, whereas presentation of the offering on the altar takes place by day. The Torah wrote that “they shall be seven complete weeks” (Leviticus 23,15). They can only be complete if you start counting in the evening.
Our sages also explain that the word בקמה, “in the standing corn,” may be read as בקומה, ‘that the counting of the days and weeks has to be performed while one is standing. [Presumably the word בקמה was considered redundant otherwise as one always cuts standing corn, not “lying” corn. Ed.]
There are a total of four commandments which have to be performed while standing: עומר, ציצית, מילה, לולב. [The common denominator of these four commandments is the unnecessary word לכם. Seeing that we derive “standing” from the commandment of עומר, the Rabbis applied that rule to other commandments featuring that word לכם.]
The meaning of the words מיום הביאכם could also be that reaping, counting and presenting on the altar should all take place simultaneously, and this is why the Torah does not write ביום, “on the day,” but מיום, “from the day.” The cutting and counting are to take place at night, whereas presentation of the offering on the altar takes place by day. The Torah wrote that “they shall be seven complete weeks” (Leviticus 23,15). They can only be complete if you start counting in the evening.
Our sages also explain that the word בקמה, “in the standing corn,” may be read as בקומה, ‘that the counting of the days and weeks has to be performed while one is standing. [Presumably the word בקמה was considered redundant otherwise as one always cuts standing corn, not “lying” corn. Ed.]
There are a total of four commandments which have to be performed while standing: עומר, ציצית, מילה, לולב. [The common denominator of these four commandments is the unnecessary word לכם. Seeing that we derive “standing” from the commandment of עומר, the Rabbis applied that rule to other commandments featuring that word לכם.]
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
שבעה שבעות תספר לך מהחל וגו׳ תחל לספר שבעה שבעות: Offenbar lässt uns das Gesetz hier diese Wochenzählung zweimal, in zwei getrennten Beziehungen denken: es ist eine Wochenzählung für uns, תספר לך, und eine Wochenzählung vom ersten Sichelschwung ׳יציאת מצרים .מהחל וגו hat uns persönlich frei gemacht, und hat seinen Abschluss in Gewährung der nationalen Selbständigkeit durch den Landbesitz gefunden. Von beiden Momenten vereint, haben wir die Wochen unserer Würdigmachung für den Anfang der Gesetzgebung (siehe Wajikra daselbst) zu zählen. Persönliche Freiheit ist nichtig ohne Gesetz, schlägt in unheilvolle Willkür um ohne Gesetz, die rechte Freiheit wohnt nur im Gesetz, vor allem Israel hat die persönliche Freiheit nur für seine Dienstunterordnung unter das Gesetz bekommen, Gesetzesvolk ist seine einzige Bestimmung, und es gehört die ganze Mannesarbeit eines frei gewordenen Mannes an sich selber dazu, um nun auch die Fesseln und das Joch der Begierden und Leidenschaften, den Trotz des Eigensinns und des Eigenwillens zu brechen, die ihn zum Sklaven der Sinnlichkeit und der Gesetzeshöhnung machen. Leicht ist es, die persönliche Freiheit als Gnadengeschenk aus Gottes Händen zu empfangen. Aber uns im Innern frei zu machen, so frei wie es die Gesetzesträgerschaft unseres Berufs verlangt, das fordert einen siebenfältigen, wiederholten Ansatz unseres inneren Vorwärtsstrebens: שבעה שבעות תספר לך!
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Und ebenso materieller Wohlstand ohne jene geistige Erleuchtung und sittliche Veredelung, die die materiellen Güter des Wohlstandes nur in dem Dienst des sittlich Höchsten, Wahren und Guten zur Verwendung kommen lässt, materieller Wohlstand ohne Lehre und Gesetz, und vor allem Israels Gottesland ohne Israels Gottesgesetz, Israels, das sein Land nur dem mit seinem Ahn geschlossenen Bunde verdankt, der eben nichts anderes, als ברית התורה, als der Bund des Gesetzes, der Bund für das Gesetz ist, dem das Land und aller durch dasselbe gewährleistete Wohlstand nur wie das Mittel dem Zwecke untergeordnet sein soll: Israel das Land, ohne Israel das Gottesgesetz gegeben und erhalten, ist das positivste Mittel zu Israels Untergang. Israel ist verloren, hat sich auszustreichen aus dem Gottesbuche der Völkergeschichte, wenn es, wie die Masse der Völker, in dem nationalen Boden und dem aus demselben zu schaffenden Nationalwohlstand den höchsten Zweck der Nationen erblicken wollte, dem gegenüber alle geistigen und sittlichen Interessen ihren Selbstwert verlieren und sich ihm nur als Mittel unterzuordnen hätten. Israel würde seine eigentliche Mission unter die Völker verleugnen, wenn es nicht da erst zu zählen begönne, wo andere zu zählen aufhören, und eine siebenfältige Arbeit an sich selber gehört dazu, um sich in die Lichthöhe dieses Gegensatzes zu der Völkeranschauung dauernd emporzuarbeiten, auf welcher Recht und Sittlichkeit die einzigen Selbstwerte sind, auf welcher man nicht Recht und Sittlichkeit nur so viel Wert zuerkennt, als damit materieller Wohlstand erreicht und gesichert wird, sondern aller materieller Wohlstand nur so viel bedeutet, als damit Recht und Sittlichkeit, als damit Humanität im wahrsten, vollsten Sinne erreicht und sichergestellt bleibt, darum: מהחל חרמש בקמה לתחל לספר שבעה שבעות!
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Zusammengefasst: wenn du bereits die Freiheit und zu dieser Freiheit sogar auch den die Freiheit materiell sicherstellenden Landbesitz erlangt hast, sollst du dich nicht am Ziele, sondern dann erst am Anfange deiner Bestimmung betrachten und die siebenfältige Arbeit an dir selber beginnen, dich fähig zu machen, zu der Freiheit und dem Landbesitz Gottes Gesetz immer aufs neue aus Gottes Händen hinzunehmen, um in dessen Dienst und Verwirklichung Freiheit und Besitz zu verwerten, und damit Freiheit und Besitz erst zu ihrem wirklichen Werte gelangen zu lassen. —
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
שבעה שבעת תספר לך und oben Wajikra 23, 16: תספרו חמשים יום, daher: מצוה למימני ימי ומצוה למימני שבועי (Chagiga 16 b; siehe Wajikra daselbst). — מהחל חרמש und Wajikra daselbst 15 מיום הביאכם, daher: Schnitt und Darbringung in einen Tag fallen müssen und zwar, da שבתות תמימות (daselbst) gezählt werden sollen, unsere Tage aber mit der Nacht beginnen, so muss Schnitt- und Zählungsanfang mit der Nacht des Tages eintreten, an welchem zur Tageszeit die Darbringung stattfindet: קצירה וספירה בלילה והבאה ביום (Menachot 66 a). — חרמש (siehe Bereschit S. 340).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
שבעות steht hier und Verse 10 und 16 מלא, wohl um das תמימות dieser Wochenzählung und damit diese Zählung selbst, nach welcher das Fest, zu dem sie führt, genannt wird, in ihrer vollen Bedeutung hervortreten zu lassen. Es darf an dieser Vorbereitung nichts fehlen, sie nimmt unsere volle Zeit und unsere volle Kraft und den ganzen Menschen in Anspruch. Es ist die bedeutsamste Arbeit, die das Gesetz von uns erwartet (siehe Wajikra daselbst).
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Abarbanel on Torah
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