Kommentar zu Schemot 23:18
לֹֽא־תִזְבַּ֥ח עַל־חָמֵ֖ץ דַּם־זִבְחִ֑י וְלֹֽא־יָלִ֥ין חֵֽלֶב־חַגִּ֖י עַד־בֹּֽקֶר׃
Opfere nicht beim Gesäuerten das Blut meines Opfers; und das Fett meines Festopfers übernachte nicht bis zum Morgen.
Rashi on Exodus
לא תזבח על חמץ וגו׳ means, you shall not sacrifice the Passover-lamb on the fourteenth day of Nisan before you have removed the leavened bread from your house (Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 23:18:1). (This verse is to be connected with v. 15).
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Ramban on Exodus
THOU SHALT NOT OFFER THE BLOOD OF MY SACRIFICE WITH LEAVENED BREAD. “You shall not slaughter the Passover-offering on the fourteenth day of Nisan before you have removed the leavened bread [from your possession].” This is Rashi’s language.
Do not interpret the meaning of this statement of Rashi to refer to the removal of unleavened bread, [and that the verse tells us] that this must take place before the time of slaughtering the Passover-offering, just as is mentioned in the first chapter of Tractate Pesachim:386Reference is to the question that was asked in the Gemara Pesachim [4 b-5 a]: how do we know that unleavened bread is forbidden by law of the Torah after six hours on the fourteenth day of Nisan? To this Rava answered that we derive it from the verse, Thou shalt not slaughter… (further 34:25), which means: “do not slaughter the Paschal-lamb while the leavened bread is still there.” And since the time for the slaughtering of the Paschal-lamb begins after the sixth hour, we therefore deduce that unleavened bread is forbidden from that time on. When the Gemara further asked: “Perhaps the Torah meant a separate time for each individual, [so that if he slaughtered it on the ninth hour of the day, he would not be in violation of the law against keeping unleavened bread till such time]? To this the answer is given: “The Merciful One has declared a time for the slaughtering of the Passover-offering [for all alike, and He did not distinguish between one person and another]. — Ramban is now writing that Rashi’s explanation was not prompted by this text of the Gemara, for reasons explained further on. “The Merciful One has declared a time for the slaughtering of the Passover-offering for all alike” — for this interpretation is not the real point of the verse in accordance with the final decision of the law mentioned there. For there is no prohibition387Ramban’s point is that the duty of removing from one’s possession unleavened bread on the fourteenth day of Nisan, is a matter of a positive commandment, thus one who failed to remove it from his possession after the sixth hour of that day, has thereby violated a positive commandment. But there is no negative commandment to cover this matter. Hence the verse before us which is a negative commandment cannot be establishing the time for the removal of unleavened bread, since that is covered only by a positive commandment. This is the intention of Ramban’s words. according to the law of the Torah requiring the removal of unleavened bread on the day before Passover, not even is there a prohibition against eating it [but the violation of a positive commandment].388Here too Ramban’s opinion is that there is no negative commandment of the Torah covering it, but one who eats it violates thereby a positive commandment, since he had failed to destroy the unleavened bread beforehand. See, however, “the Commandments,” Vol. II, p. 196, where Rambam differs on this point and counts a specific negative commandment, wherein we are forbidden to eat unleavened bread after the middle of the fourteenth of Nisan. But the subject of the verse as established according to the final decision of the law, is an admonition against slaughtering the Passover-offering with leavened bread, meaning that none of the company who have been counted to eat of this Passover-offering, may have leavened bread remaining in their possession at the time it is slaughtered. And so Rashi explained it in the section of Ki Thisa.389Further, 34:25. “This is an admonition addressed to him who slaughters the offering, as well as to him who sprinkles its blood [on the altar], or to one of the company [that joined together to eat the Paschal-lamb]” (Rashi). Now the verse should have read, “Thou shalt not slaughter with unleavened bread My sacrifice” [omitting the word: dam — blood], for the blood is not “slaughtered.” But in the opinion of our Rabbis390Mechilta here on the Verse. this comes to include the sprinkling, so that the priest who sprinkles the blood of the offering is also forbidden to have leavened bread in his possession. The verse thus states: “Do not slaughter the Passover-offering with unleavened bread, and neither [sprinkle] the blood of My sacrifice,” That is, and neither let the blood of My sacrifice be with unleavened bread. It is an elliptical verse.
Do not interpret the meaning of this statement of Rashi to refer to the removal of unleavened bread, [and that the verse tells us] that this must take place before the time of slaughtering the Passover-offering, just as is mentioned in the first chapter of Tractate Pesachim:386Reference is to the question that was asked in the Gemara Pesachim [4 b-5 a]: how do we know that unleavened bread is forbidden by law of the Torah after six hours on the fourteenth day of Nisan? To this Rava answered that we derive it from the verse, Thou shalt not slaughter… (further 34:25), which means: “do not slaughter the Paschal-lamb while the leavened bread is still there.” And since the time for the slaughtering of the Paschal-lamb begins after the sixth hour, we therefore deduce that unleavened bread is forbidden from that time on. When the Gemara further asked: “Perhaps the Torah meant a separate time for each individual, [so that if he slaughtered it on the ninth hour of the day, he would not be in violation of the law against keeping unleavened bread till such time]? To this the answer is given: “The Merciful One has declared a time for the slaughtering of the Passover-offering [for all alike, and He did not distinguish between one person and another]. — Ramban is now writing that Rashi’s explanation was not prompted by this text of the Gemara, for reasons explained further on. “The Merciful One has declared a time for the slaughtering of the Passover-offering for all alike” — for this interpretation is not the real point of the verse in accordance with the final decision of the law mentioned there. For there is no prohibition387Ramban’s point is that the duty of removing from one’s possession unleavened bread on the fourteenth day of Nisan, is a matter of a positive commandment, thus one who failed to remove it from his possession after the sixth hour of that day, has thereby violated a positive commandment. But there is no negative commandment to cover this matter. Hence the verse before us which is a negative commandment cannot be establishing the time for the removal of unleavened bread, since that is covered only by a positive commandment. This is the intention of Ramban’s words. according to the law of the Torah requiring the removal of unleavened bread on the day before Passover, not even is there a prohibition against eating it [but the violation of a positive commandment].388Here too Ramban’s opinion is that there is no negative commandment of the Torah covering it, but one who eats it violates thereby a positive commandment, since he had failed to destroy the unleavened bread beforehand. See, however, “the Commandments,” Vol. II, p. 196, where Rambam differs on this point and counts a specific negative commandment, wherein we are forbidden to eat unleavened bread after the middle of the fourteenth of Nisan. But the subject of the verse as established according to the final decision of the law, is an admonition against slaughtering the Passover-offering with leavened bread, meaning that none of the company who have been counted to eat of this Passover-offering, may have leavened bread remaining in their possession at the time it is slaughtered. And so Rashi explained it in the section of Ki Thisa.389Further, 34:25. “This is an admonition addressed to him who slaughters the offering, as well as to him who sprinkles its blood [on the altar], or to one of the company [that joined together to eat the Paschal-lamb]” (Rashi). Now the verse should have read, “Thou shalt not slaughter with unleavened bread My sacrifice” [omitting the word: dam — blood], for the blood is not “slaughtered.” But in the opinion of our Rabbis390Mechilta here on the Verse. this comes to include the sprinkling, so that the priest who sprinkles the blood of the offering is also forbidden to have leavened bread in his possession. The verse thus states: “Do not slaughter the Passover-offering with unleavened bread, and neither [sprinkle] the blood of My sacrifice,” That is, and neither let the blood of My sacrifice be with unleavened bread. It is an elliptical verse.
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Rashbam on Exodus
לא תזבח על חמץ, the elimination of leavened products must take place before it is legally possible to slaughter the Passover, i.e. not later than the 6th hour, before noon. The seventh hour already qualifies for the description בין הערבים, (Exodus 12,6)
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Rabbeinu Bahya
לא תזבח על חמץ דם זבחי, “do not offer the blood of My sacrifice with leavened bread.” Nachmanides queries why the Torah did not write לא תשחט על חמץ זבחי, “do not slaughter My sacrifice with unleavened bread,” seeing that blood is not being “slaughtered.” The formulation of the Torah teaches that the Passover must not be slaughtered at a time when consumption of leavened bread is still permitted, i.e. on the morning of the 14th of Nissan (compare Mechilta Kaspa 20). The verse has to be understood as follows: “do not slaughter while leavened bread abounds in order that the blood of My sacrifice not be offered at a time when your leavened things have not yet been destroyed or sold.”
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Siftei Chakhamim
Do not slaughter the Pesach korbon. . . Rashi says “Pesach korbon” where the verse says דם זבחי to tell us that here, זבחי (“My sacrifice”) refers only to the Pesach korbon and not the Chagigah korbon. And Rashi says “On the fourteenth day of Nisan” to tell us that this prohibition applies only on the 14th of Nisan and not the rest of the year. And he says “Until you remove your chametz” whereas the verse says על חמץ , because על חמץ literally means on top of the chametz. Therefore he explained, “Until you remove your chametz” [from your possession].
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Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 18. Drei charakteristische Sätze schließen dieses Festkapitel und damit zugleich diese Grundzüge der sozialen Gesetzgebung, משפטים. Sie stehen in engster Beziehung zu den drei Wanderfesten und wahren den Geist derselben. לא תזבח und, damit eng verbunden (siehe unten), לא תלין in Beziehung zum חoפ-Feste, ראשית בכורי וגו׳ zum שבעות-Feste und לא תבשל גדי zum סוכת-Feste.
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Chizkuni
ולא ילין חלב חגי; “and the fat of My festival offering must not be allowed to be left lying until the morning.” This is applicable only to the Passover offering, the fat of which was destined for the altar.
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Rashi on Exodus
ולא ילין חלב חגי NEITHER SHALL THE FAT OF MY SACRIFICE REMAIN away from the altar (cf. the Targum).
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Rashbam on Exodus
חלב חגי, a reference to the Passover; just as you are not allowed to leave over part of the meat which is yours to eat until morning, the parts which are consumed on the altar must likewise have been burned up before then.
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Siftei Chakhamim
Away from the Altar. Meaning, [do not leave the fat away from the Altar] when its blood was cast on the Altar during the day. For then, if the fats are left on the floor, i.e., away from the Altar until dawn, they become unfit because of לינה (remaining overnight). (Megillah 20)
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
לא תזבה על חמץ. Die Bedeutung des חמץ, des gegorenen Teiges, als Zeichen bürgerlicher Selbständigkeit, sowie des Vorhandenseins desselben in jüdischem Besitze am Peßach als verpönter Ausdruck der Unabhängigkeit von Gott und der Nichtunterordnung unter Gott hinsichtlich unseres Besitzes, ist bereits oben (Kap. 14, 8 u. 18 f.) aus der historischen Bedeutung desselben während der ägyptischen Sklaverei und der Erlösung aus ihr nachgewiesen. Hier wird nun das Verbot ausgesprochen, dass das mit Eintritt der Abendwende des vierzehnten Nissantages darzubringende Peßachopfer nicht vollzogen werden darf, wenn noch einer der dabei Beteiligten, also entweder einer der die Opferhandlungen הקטרה ,זריקה ,שחיטה vollziehenden Priester, oder einer der zu dem Opfer gehörenden Genossenschaft, אחד מבני חבורה, Chamez in seinem Besitze hat. Implizite ist damit die Aufgabe gesetzt, das Chamez bereits vor Mittag des 14. Nissan aus dem Besitze entfernt zu haben. Das Peßachopfer ist, wie ebenfalls bereits oben entwickelt, wesentlich Weihe und Hingebung des jüdischen Hauses; wie bei keinem anderen Opfer ist die אכילה, der Genuss desselben im häuslichen Familienkreise, der ausgesprochene, die ganze Bedeutung des Opfers von vornherein bedingende Zweck, שלא בא מתחלתו אלא לאכילה. Bedeutsam heißt es daher hier זבח und dessen Opferung זבות; denn זבה ist wesentlich ein Familienmahl und זבוח dessen Bereitung. זבחי ist daher das Gott geweihte Familienmahl. Ein solches im Tempel darbringen und dabei Chamez im häuslichen Besitz haben, hieße höchstens: die Menschen, die Personen des Familienkreises gotthörig Gott unterstellen und weihen, allein deren Geschick, die irdischen Mittel ihrer Subsistenz, ihres Daseins und Schaffens auf Erden, als von Gott nicht abhängig, weder Gott verdankt, noch Gott geweiht begreifen, wäre vielmehr die verderblichste Klüftung des Hauses vom Tempel, und es soll doch eben das Haus in dem Tempelopfer geopfert und geweiht erscheinen!
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Chizkuni
עד בקר, “until morning;” it has the same rule as the meat of the Paschal lamb, concerning the edible parts of which, the Torah had already written in Exodus 12,10 that none must be left over until morning, and if for some reason some was left over it must be burned forthwith.
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Rashi on Exodus
UNTIL MORNING. One might think, however, that the meaning is, that it shall not remain overnight on the altar and that the sacrifice would therefore become invalid even through the fat remaining overnight on the “wood-pile” of the altar! Scripture, however, states, (Leviticus 6:2) “[This is the law of the burnt-offering; it is that which may go up] on the fire-place of the altar all the night, [any time until the morning]”(Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 23:18:2), —
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Siftei Chakhamim
All night. Rashi means that the verse, “It is the burnt-offering on the fireplace, on the Altar all night. . .” (Vayikra 6:2) does not teach that after morning arrives, one may no longer burn the offering on the Altar. Rather, it teaches that if the offering was brought onto the Altar even a moment before dawn, it is fit to be burnt there also after dawn. We need not ask: If so, why do we need two verses, [this verse and “. . .on the fireplace”]? The answer is: “. . .on the fireplace” comes mainly to teach a mitzvah: we should bring the offerings onto the Altar from the time of sunset and leave them there all night so they will be burnt well. By the way, we also learn that if they were up on the Altar’s wood-pile [before dawn], they are fit to be burnt on the Altar even after dawn — as is implied by this verse, “You must not allow to remain. . .” With this, all the difficulties of Re’m’s are resolved.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
ולא ילין חלב חגי: was איסור חמץ an dem Feste der Schöpfung unserer bürgerlichen Selbständigkeit negativ zum besonderen Ausdruck für das allgemeine nationale Bewusstsein bringt, das findet bei allen Opfern, mit Ausschluss des עולה, das ganz Feuerspeise wird, im חלב, in den von ihnen dem Feuer zu übergebenden Teilen, אימורים, einen positiven Ausdruck. הֵלֶב, dessen Etymologie und Bedeutung bereits (Bereschit 4, 4) gegeben sind, ist das vom Tierorganismus zum künftigen Verbrauch gleichsam zurückgelegte Kapital. Es bildet, in Verbindung mit כליות, den Nieren, der Etymologie (כלה) und der konstanten Verbindung mit כליות ולב ,לב, zufolge, Organe der niederen Triebe und Reize, die dem אשדת des Altars zu übergebenden Opferteile. Während in דם die נפש, die ganze Individualität, die seelische Persönlichkeit ihr ewiges Hinanstreben zur Altarhöhe des jüdischen Berufes und das Verharren auf derselben in זריקה und נתינה angewiesen erhält, spricht הקטרת חלב וכליות die Wahrheit aus, dass auch das Streben nach Genuss verheißenden Gütern, dass auch "Besitz und Begierden" nicht ausgeschlossen seien von dieser von jeder Persönlichkeit anzustrebenden göttlichen Höhe, dass eben sie vielmehr in diesem Höhestreben und auf dieser Höhestufe selbst als "Speisung des Gottesfeuers", als Verwirklichung der Gotteszwecke auf Erden zum "göttlichen Wohlgefallen" umwandelt werden sollen, ja, dass diese Dahingebung der חלב וכליות an das Feuer des Gesetzes die notwendigste Folge und Bedingung der Hingebung der Seele, des דם, an ihre göttliche Bestimmung bilde. Die Übergabe des חלב und der כליות (gewöhnlich, wie auch hier, einfach חלבים ,חלב, als das Objekt der in כליות ausgedrückten Begierden) muss daher im engen Zusammenhange mit der Opferung des נפש=דם bleiben, somit an demselben Opfertage (der von Morgen zu Morgen zählt, siehe Kap. 12, 2) geschehen, ein Verschieben derselben spräche eine Gleichgültigkeit der irdischen Besitz- und Genussbeziehungen für unsere Erhebung und Hingebung an Gott aus, deren Läuterung und Weihe doch eben aus dieser "Hingebung der Seele" hervorgehen, und eben Blüte und Betätigung dieser Hingebung sein sollte! Daher: לא ילין חלב חגי עד בקר!
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Chizkuni
חגי, “My festival;” another word for “My offering,” the offering tendered to Me. This expression is not unique; we find it also in Psalms 118,27: אסרו חג בעבותים, “bind the festival offerings to the horns of the altar;” In chapter 12 the Torah had decreed this as applicable to the original Paschal lamb in Egypt. (Not allowing any to remain by morning) Here the Torah repeats the instruction as applicable to the annual Passover offering serving as a reminder of the original one.
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Rashi on Exodus
Therefore the statement ולא ילין means, that this law of leaving the fat away from the altar overnight is infringed only if it has not been placed on the altar by the dawn of the morning, for it says, “[neither shall the fat remain] until morning”, but any time during the whole night one may lift it up from the pavement on to the altar (cf. Megillah 20b).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Was aber für jedes Opfer Vorschrift ist, wird hier ganz besonders für חגיגה hervorgehoben, mit welchem Opfer jeder einzelne sich in den Kreis der Gesamtheit einfügt und den nationalen Kreis, חג, um Gott in seinem Gesetzesheiligtum bilden hilft. Ist nämlich die Mahnung an sittliche Heiligung im Streben nach materiellen Gütern und in deren Verwendung als erste Betätigung der persönlichen Weihe an Gott wichtig für das Privatleben, so ist diese Mahnung für das Nationalleben von noch gesteigerter Wichtigkeit. Sind ja Staaten und Völker von dem Wahne befangen, als gelte der Kodex des Sittengesetzes nur für die Beziehungen des Privatlebens und als heilige das Nationalinteresse die Verletzung der heiligsten Sittengesetze zur Erlangung materieller Macht und Güter für den Nationalbesitz. Gottes Gesetz kennt eine solche Scheidung nicht. חלב חגי, spricht es, "materielles Gut und Streben eines nationalen Kreises, der sich meinen Kreis nennt" einer Nation, die meinen Namen trägt, darf ebenso wenig, wie das des einzelnen von der persönlichen Hingebung an Gott getrennt sein, muss ebenso wie das des einzelnen auf Grund der persönlichen Heiligung Läuterung und Weihe erhalten, muss mit derselben Notwendigkeit im אש דת, im Feuer des Gesetzes, zum göttlichen Wohlgefallen sich umwandeln, משפטים gelten für das Völkerrecht, wie für das Recht der Privaten.
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