Kommentar zu Bamidbar 3:13
כִּ֣י לִי֮ כָּל־בְּכוֹר֒ בְּיוֹם֩ הַכֹּתִ֨י כָל־בְּכ֜וֹר בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֗יִם הִקְדַּ֨שְׁתִּי לִ֤י כָל־בְּכוֹר֙ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל מֵאָדָ֖ם עַד־בְּהֵמָ֑ה לִ֥י יִהְי֖וּ אֲנִ֥י יְהוָֽה׃ (ס)
Denn mir gehört jeder Erstgeborene; an dem Tage da ich alle Erstgeborenen im Lande Ägypten schlug, habe ich mir geheiligt alle Erstgeborenen in Israel, Menschen wie Vieh; mir, dem Herrn, gehören sie.
Sforno on Numbers
כי לי כל בכור, as the Temple service used to be the duty of the respective firstborn in each family.ביום הכותי כל בכור בארץ מצרים הקדשתי לי כל בכור בישראל, although at the time when the firstborn in Egypt were killed, the Jewish firstborn had been guilty of death also, as had been the firstborn of that entire generation. They were singled out for this penalty as they were the most honoured people of their time, and as such served as role models for others. There was no special merit due to which they would have been spared, as in Genesis 19,15 where the angels warned Lot not to remain in Sodom lest he too would be killed on account of the company he kept.
G’d, in sanctifying them, i.e. placing them on a spiritually elevated pedestal so that they would not partake in all manner of secular pursuits, justified sparing them at that time. Now that, due to the sin of the golden calf, they had forfeited this spiritually elevated status, they had to be “redeemed” in order to resume life on a more mundane level than that for which they had been destined. This is the meaning of וכל בכור אדם תפדה, “you shall redeem every human male firstborn.” (Exodus 13,13).
We must not make the mistake of thinking that seeing that this verse was written before the sin of the golden calf, that the firstborn had already been subject to redemption at that time, i.e that G’d had despised them as not fit to offer the sacrificial offerings. On the contrary, the “redemption” of which Exodus 13,13 speaks, i.e. [without a simultaneous substitution of others in their place, Ed.] was only in order to permit these firstborn to also pursue a regular lifestyle when they would not be performing service in the Temple, etc. Without “redemption” every object that has been sanctified is out of bounds for any mundane use whether passive or active, as it would constitute a demeaning of its holiness. (compare Chulin 137)
G’d, in sanctifying them, i.e. placing them on a spiritually elevated pedestal so that they would not partake in all manner of secular pursuits, justified sparing them at that time. Now that, due to the sin of the golden calf, they had forfeited this spiritually elevated status, they had to be “redeemed” in order to resume life on a more mundane level than that for which they had been destined. This is the meaning of וכל בכור אדם תפדה, “you shall redeem every human male firstborn.” (Exodus 13,13).
We must not make the mistake of thinking that seeing that this verse was written before the sin of the golden calf, that the firstborn had already been subject to redemption at that time, i.e that G’d had despised them as not fit to offer the sacrificial offerings. On the contrary, the “redemption” of which Exodus 13,13 speaks, i.e. [without a simultaneous substitution of others in their place, Ed.] was only in order to permit these firstborn to also pursue a regular lifestyle when they would not be performing service in the Temple, etc. Without “redemption” every object that has been sanctified is out of bounds for any mundane use whether passive or active, as it would constitute a demeaning of its holiness. (compare Chulin 137)
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 13. כי לי כל בכור (vergl. Schmot 13, 15). — לי יהיו. Mit der Übertragung des Dienstes am Heiligtum von den Erstgeborenen auf die Leviten hat die Erstgeburtweihe nicht aufgehört. Sie bleiben, ungeachtet dieser Übertragung, Gott heilig. Sie haben mit dieser Übertragung nur die Stellung als Gesamtheitsrepräsentanz am Heiligtum eingebüßt, allein ihre Bedeutung innerhalb der Familien zum Ausdruck der Gotteshörigkeit der Familie, sowie die Bedeutung der Erstgeburtweihe der בהמה טהורה und des פטר חמור zum Ausdruck der Gotteshörigkeit der Familiennahrung und des Familieneigentums, dauert fort. Bechoroth 5 a wird daher an diesem Ausspruch לי יהיו, d. i. בהויתן יהו, auch die Lehre ר׳ יוחנן's festgehalten, dass die mit dem Auszuge aus Ägypten begonnene Heiligung der Erstgeborenen ununterbrochen fortgedauert, קדשו ולא פסקו, und nicht, wie nach der Auffassung ריש לקיש's, erst mit dem Eintritt ins Land zur Fortsetzung kam (siehe zu Schmot 13, 5). — הקדשתי לי כל בכור בישראל. Die Erstgeburtweihe hat keine physische, sie hat vielmehr eine sittlich nationale Bedeutung von höchster Eminenz. בכור בהמה ist daher nur בישראל, nur im ausschließlich jüdischen Heiligtumskreise heilig, sobald aber ein nichtjüdisches Eigentumsrecht daran beteiligt ist, sei es am Muttertier oder dem Jungen, tritt קדושת בכורה nicht ein, כל זמן שיד נכרי באמצע פטורה מן הבכורה (Bechoroth 2 b).
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Sforno on Numbers
מאדם עד בהמה לי יהיו, from now on, humans have to be redeemed, animals to be slaughtered and their blood and fat offered on the altar.
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