Commentary for Isaiah 14:9
שְׁא֗וֹל מִתַּ֛חַת רָגְזָ֥ה לְךָ֖ לִקְרַ֣את בּוֹאֶ֑ךָ עוֹרֵ֨ר לְךָ֤ רְפָאִים֙ כָּל־עַתּ֣וּדֵי אָ֔רֶץ הֵקִים֙ מִכִּסְאוֹתָ֔ם כֹּ֖ל מַלְכֵ֥י גוֹיִֽם׃
The nether-world from beneath is moved for thee to meet thee at thy coming; the shades are stirred up for thee, even all the chief ones of the earth; all the kings of the nations are raised up from their thrones.
Rashi on Isaiah
toward your arrival When you descend to Gehinnom, and what is the quaking? To arouse toward you...
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Ibn Ezra on Isaiah
שאול The grave.5A. V. Hell. Comp. I. E. on 38:10. It is common; therefore רׇגְזׇה (femin.) and עורר (mas.).
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Rashi on Isaiah
giants Heb. רְפָאִים, the giants lying there.
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Ibn Ezra on Isaiah
רפאים The dead. The א is, perhaps, instead of ה (the root being רפה to be weak).
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Rashi on Isaiah
all the chiefs of the earth [lit. the he-goats.] All the kings of the nations, the princes, and the princesses, are compared by Scripture, to bulls, to cows, and to he-goats. Comp. (Psalms 22:13) “Bulls surrounded me.” Also (Amos 4:1): “The cows of the Bashan that were on Mt. Shomron,” and here he compares them to he-goats.
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Ibn Ezra on Isaiah
עתודי The chiefs (lit., the he-goats) Comp. An he goat also and a king (Prov. 30:31).
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Rashi on Isaiah
he caused to rise he threw
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Ibn Ezra on Isaiah
It hath raised up from their thrones. They were rising from their thrones as if they were alive; it is possible that the Babylonians had the custom of having thrones in the graves of their kings.
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Rashi on Isaiah
from their thrones [i.e.,] the messenger of Gehinnom caused all the kings of the nations [to rise] from their thrones. [according to mss. and Shem Ephraim]
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