Midras Ester 3:13: Sifrei Devarim, Midrash Tehillim, Eikhah Rabbah & Bamidbar Rabbah

(Devarim 1:3) "And it was, in the fortieth year, in the eleventh month, on the first of the month, that Moses spoke to the children of Israel": What does this ("in the eleventh month") come to teach us? If that a year has eleven months, is it not written (Esther 3:13) "on the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, the month of Adar"? And thus is it written (I Kings 4:7) "And Solomon had twelve commissioners over all of Israel … (Ibid. 19) and one commissioner over the land." For which month? The intercalated month, whereby we are taught that the year (itself) is twelve months. R. B'na'ah says: Now before Solomon did we not know that the year was twelve months? Is it not written (I Chronicles 1:27) "… month by month throughout all the months of the year … the twelfth (marshal), for the twelfth month, etc." — But it ("the eleventh month") comes to teach us that in thirty-six days (from the first of Shvat ["the eleventh month"] to the sixth of Adar) Moses explained the entire Torah, as it is written (Devarim 34:8) "And they mourned Moses thirty days" and (Joshua 1:11) "for in three more days you will be crossing this Jordan," and (Ibid. 4:19) "And the people ascended from the Jordan on the tenth of the first month (Nissan)." Subtract thirty-three days retroactively and it is found that Moses died on the seventh of Adar. (And whence is it derived that Moses was born on the seventh of Adar? From (Devarim 31:2) "And he said to them: I am one hundred and twenty years old this day." Let "this day" not be written. Why is it written? (To signify) this day (the full circuit of) my years and days have been completed — whence it is derived that the Holy One Blessed be He "sits" and fills out the years of the righteous from day to day and from month to month and from hour to hour, as it is written (Shemoth 23:26) (If you are righteous) "the number of your days shall I complete." — whence it is derived that in thirty-six days Moses explained the entire Torah.

“Against God and His anointed one” (Psalms 2:2). This can be compared to a mighty warrior who lived in a certain city. When an army came [to conquer] that city they were afraid of that mighty warrior, and they say, “What shall we do? Let us kill the mighty warrior [first], and afterwards let us confront the city. So too [with the nations in Psalms 2, who first of all attack God, and only then turn their attention to His anointed one]. Rabbi Berechia said, in the name of Rabbi Levi, the wicked are cursed because they set up a plot against Israel, and each and every one says that my plot is better than your plot. Esau said, “Cain was foolish, because he killed Abel within the lifetime of his father, and didn’t realize that his father would [continue] to be fruitful and multiply. I won’t do that, rather “may the days of mourning for my father come soon [and I will kill my brother Jacob]” (Genesis 27:41).” Pharoah said, “Esau was foolish, that he said this, and he didn’t realize that his brother would be fruitful and multiply in the lifetime of his father. I won’t do that, rather, while they’re still babies on the birthstools of their mothers, I will strike them,” as it is said, “every boy that is born you shall throw into the Nile” (Exodus 1:22). The wicked Haman said, “Pharoah was foolish, that he said this, and he didn’t realize that the girls would marry men, and they would be fruitful and multiply. I won’t do that, rather [I plan] “to destroy, massacre, and exterminate [all the Jews, young and old, children and women, on a single day]” (Esther 3:13).” Gog and Magog are destined to say that their predecessors “were foolish, because they surrounded Israel with their plots, and they didn’t realize that they had a patron in heaven. I won’t do that, rather I will first wage war against their patron, and then I will return [to wage war] against Israel,” as it is written, “against God and His anointed one” (Psalms 2:2) [i.e., against God first]. And the Holy One, blessed be He, will say to them, “Gog and Magog! You are coming to wage war against me!? How many platoons do I have before me [i.e., at my disposal]? And how many [heavenly] flames, lightning bolts, and torches? And [yet] I will go out to wage war against you [myself].” As it is said, “God goes out [to battle] like a warrior, whipping up rage” (Isaiah 42:13). What is written [about that day]? “God shall be sovereign over all the earth; [on that day, God shall be one, and His name shall be one]” (Zechariah 14:9).

“Who is it who said and it occurred, if the Lord did not command it?” (Lamentations 3:37).
“Who is it who said and it occurred, if the Lord did not command it?” – who did command? Haman commanded, but the Holy One blessed be He did not command. Haman commanded “to destroy, to kill, and to eliminate” (Esther 3:13). But the Holy One blessed be He did not command it, but rather, “the plot [that he devised]…return [upon his head]” (Esther 9:25).
“Is it not from the mouth of the Most High that evil and good emerge?” (Lamentations 3:38).
“Is it not from the mouth of the Most High that evil and good emerge?” – Rabbi Elazar said: From the moment that the Holy One blessed be He said: “See, I have placed before you today: life and good, and death and evil” (Deuteronomy 30:15), no good has emerged for a performer of evil nor evil for a performer of good, but rather good for a performer of good and evil for a performer of evil, just as it says: “The Lord will reward the performer of evil in accordance with his wickedness” (II Samuel 3:39).
“Of what shall a living man complain, each man for his sins?” (Lamentations 3:39).
“Of what shall a living man complain?” – it is sufficient for him that he is alive. Rabbi Levi said: The Holy One blessed be He said: Your life is in My hands, yet you complain? Rabbi Huna said: Let him stand like a mighty one, confess his sins, and not complain. Rabbi Berekhya said: Of what shall he complain about the One who gives life to the worlds? If he seeks to complain, it should be each man for his sins. Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says: Descendants of bearers of grievance; Adam, the first man, after all the good that I bestowed upon him, he expresses a grievance before Me and says: “The woman whom You gave to be with me, [she gave me from the tree, and I ate]” (Genesis 3:12). Jacob, too, did so. I am engaged in crowning his son king in Egypt, and he expresses a grievance before Me: “[Why do you say, Jacob…] my way is hidden from the Lord” (Isaiah 40:27). His children, too, I am engaged in providing them with easily digestible bread so that no one among them will be afflicted with indigestion or diarrhea, and they express a grievance before Me: “Our soul loathes this insubstantial bread” (Numbers 21:5). Zion, too, is similar: “Zion said: The Lord has forsaken Me and the Lord has forgotten Me” (Isaiah 49:14).