Tafsiran yang Mengutip untuk Ulangan 14:19

THOU SHALT NOT EAT ANY ABOMINABLE THING. He wanted now to add an explanation [to the laws] pertaining to forbidden foods, and therefore he said, Thou shalt not eat an abominable thing, thus declaring that all things that are forbidden are abhorrent to the pure soul, for the meaning of every expression of “abomination” is “hatefulness and repugnance,” similar to, for the king’s word was abominable to Joab;²⁰¹I Chronicles 21:6. their soul abhorred all manner of food.²⁰²Psalms 107:18. For forbidden foods that are coarse generate a thickness and obstruction in the soul, as I have explained in its place.²⁰³Leviticus 11:13. See also Exodus 22:30 (Vol. II, p. 401). Therefore he said further, Of all clean winged things ye may eat²⁰⁴Verse 20. in order to declare that [only] those [foods] which He prohibited are “abominable,” and the rest are clean and fit for the pure soul. And in the Sifre the Rabbis have said:²⁰⁵Sifre, R’eih 103. “Rabbi Shimon says: Of all clean winged things ye may eat²⁰⁴Verse 20. — these are the clean locusts; and all winged swarming things are unclean unto you²⁰⁶Verse 19. these are the unclean locusts.” He has said well. Now this is the sense of these verses. He mentioned the prohibition of all winged swarming things, those that go upon all fours,²⁰⁷Leviticus 11:20. and then he said Of all clean winged things ye may eat²⁰⁴Verse 20. to permit those of them which have joined legs above their feet:²⁰⁸Ibid., Verse 21. the locust, the bald locust, the cricket, and the grasshopper.²⁰⁹See ibid., Verse 22. It was not necessary to explain this because it has already been stated.²⁰⁹See ibid., Verse 22. But he mentioned in general, briefly, Of all clean winged things ye may eat²⁰⁴Verse 20. that is to say, all those that have been mentioned are abominable foods, and the rest of the fowls, according their species and multitudes, you may eat of them all clean things which I have not prohibited. Thus he included all things that are forbidden to us, for they are all abominable. It was not necessary afterwards to detail [here] the swarming things and all that creep upon the earth, for it is known that any pure-minded person abhors them completely. But he mentioned the signs of beasts and wild animals,²¹⁰See Verses 6-8. fish,²¹¹See Verses 9-10. fowl,²¹²See Verses. 11-20. and carcass [of an animal that died without being properly slaughtered]²¹³See Verse 21. in order to inform you that they, too, are abominable to the soul. He did not mention treifah²¹⁴A clean animal or fowl suffering from a serious organic disease whose meat we are forbidden to eat even if ritually slaughtered. since it is not “abominable;” nevertheless, in order to prevent harm to those who would eat it, it is forbidden, because of its poison or mortal sickness. Our Rabbis have yet more interpretations on this section:²¹⁵Chullin 63b. “Why were [these laws of forbidden foods] repeated here? In the case of beasts [the laws were restated] on account of hashesuah (the cleft one)²¹⁶See Verse 7. “This is a certain animal which has two backs and two spinal columns” (Chullin 63b, and quoted by Rashi here). [which we are forbidden to eat, and is not mentioned in Leviticus], and in the case of birds the laws were restated because of the glede”²¹⁷See Verse 13. [which is not mentioned in Leviticus and is forbidden]. And there is yet another interpretation:²⁰⁵Sifre, R’eih 103. “Of all clean birds ye may eat²¹⁸Verse 11. — this is intended to permit [as food] the bird that is set free [at the purification rite of] the leper;²¹⁹Leviticus 14:7. But these are they of which ye shall not eat²²⁰Verse 12. — this is intended to prohibit the bird that is slaughtered” [at the purification rite of the leper].²²¹Leviticus 14:5. They [the Rabbis] received [this tradition that the expression] of ‘all’ clean birds²¹⁸Verse 11. hints that the [living] bird, not contracting the impurity [of the leper], is permissible as food. The impurity of the leper does not attach to the living [bird] — for no living things among beast or fowl are susceptible to impurity when touching a corpse or dead creeping thing. But the slaughtered [bird], being susceptible to uncleanness, the spirit of impurity which leaves the leper, attaches thereto, and is [therefore] not clean. Thus it becomes one of the “abominable” things, because eating it is abhorrent.

"That swarms upon the earth" - and if it had not informed us that it is the egg of a creeping animal, but rather a non-kosher [animal] generally, I would have said that it is forbidden on account of being from a non-kosher bird, and intend to warn [the potential transgressor not to eat of] a "winged swarming thing" [Deuteronomy 14:19]. Had they warned him [not to eat of] a thing that swarms upon the earth, he would not incur lashes.

SHERETZ HA’OPH’ (WINGED SWARMING THINGS). “These are the thin, lowly creatures which crawl upon the ground, such as flies and hornets, mosquitoes and grasshoppers.” This is Rashi’s language. But I do not consider it to be correct, for a bird is not called sheretz (a swarming thing) on account of its smallness, nor is the unqualified term oph (bird) used because of the largeness of its body. The bat has very small legs, and many kinds of grasshoppers have larger ones than it, so why is the bat not called sheretz ha’oph (a winged swarming thing) like the grasshoppers?²¹⁸See Genesis, Vol. I, pp. 47-48, where Ramban discusses the same theme. Here the subject is more fully developed. Rather, the meaning of sheretz ha’oph is written [in Scripture immediately] after it: that go upon all fours. For all fowls that walk upon two legs, have erect necks, and their heads face upwards, and they always depend on their wings and flap them; therefore they are called oph kanaph (winged fowl),²¹⁹Genesis 1:21. or just oph. But those that have [four] legs walk lowly, with their neck and head bent downwards like creeping things, and therefore they are called sheretz ha’oph (a winged creeping thing), as I have explained in Seder Bereshith.²⁰⁸Verse 15. Similarly He referred back here and explained, And all ‘sheretz ha’oph’ (winged creeping things) which have four feet, are a detestable thing unto you,²²⁰Verse 23. the meaning thereof being as if He had said: “all winged creeping things which have only four feet and do not have jointed legs [above their feet] as mentioned [in Verse 21 amongst the signs of purity], are a detestable thing unto you.” The interpretation thereof in Torath Kohanim is:²²¹Torath Kohanim, Shemini 3:10. “Rabbi²²²See above, Note 117. says: And all ‘sheretz ha’oph’ (winged creeping things) which have four feet, are a detestable thing.²²⁰Verse 23. But if it has five feet, it is a clean species.”
Now in this section regarding winged creeping things there is only a positive commandment,²²³I.e., Yet these may ye eat of all winged creeping things etc. (Verse 21), from which you derive the principle that those that do not meet these criteria, are forbidden to be eaten by means of a negative commandment, and a negative commandment derived from a positive commandment carries the force of the positive commandment. Hence he who eats forbidden winged swarming (or creeping) things transgresses a positive commandment, for which there is no punishment by the court. But in the Book of Deuteronomy, Ramban continues, there is also an express negative commandment against eating it. Hence he who eats it incurs whipping. but in the Book of Deuteronomy there is a prohibition mentioned in connection with it, [namely], And all ‘sheretz ha’oph’ (winged creeping things) are unclean unto you; they shall not be eaten.²²⁴Deuteronomy 14: 19. See “The Commandments,” Vol. I, pp. 157-158; Vol. II, pp. 169-170. It is on the basis of that verse there that whipping is incurred for violation thereof.