Commento su Deuteronomio 15:19
כָּֽל־הַבְּכ֡וֹר אֲשֶׁר֩ יִוָּלֵ֨ד בִּבְקָרְךָ֤ וּבְצֹֽאנְךָ֙ הַזָּכָ֔ר תַּקְדִּ֖ישׁ לַיהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ לֹ֤א תַעֲבֹד֙ בִּבְכֹ֣ר שׁוֹרֶ֔ךָ וְלֹ֥א תָגֹ֖ז בְּכ֥וֹר צֹאנֶֽךָ׃
Tutti i primogeniti maschi nati dal tuo gregge e dal tuo gregge santificherai all'Eterno, il tuo DIO; non farai alcun lavoro con il primogenito del tuo bue, né trancerai il primogenito del tuo gregge.
Rashi on Deuteronomy
כל הבכור ... תקדיש ALL THE FIRSTLING MALES … THOU SHALT SANCTIFY [UNTO THE LORD] — But in another passage (Leviticus 27:26) it states, “[Only the firstborn of the beasts …] one shall not sanctify it”? How can these be reconciled? The latter passage means: he must not dedicate it as a different sacrifice (i.e. offer it as an עולה or שלמים instead of as a בכור), whilst here it teaches that it is a duty to say: “Thou art holy as a firstborn!” Another comment is: It is impossible to say that “thou shalt sanctify” is to be taken literally, for it already states in another passage “one shall not sanctify it”; it is, on the other hand, also impossible to take “one shall not sanctify it” literally, since it states “thou shalt sanctify it”. How can these be reconciled? In the following manner: by taking תקדיש in our verse to imply: “thou mayest dedicate” so far as the dedication of its value (הקדש עלוי) is concerned, and then he must give a sum corresponding to the טובת הנאה in it to the Temple treasury, but you must not dedicate it as far as the altar is concerned (i.e. dedicate it as any sacrifice other than as a בכור) (Arakhin 29a: cf. Sifrei Devarim 124:4).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Sforno on Deuteronomy
כל הבכור, after the Torah has listed a number of acts of kindness you are to perform with parts of your harvest in the field and orchard, something called the “tithe for the poor,” as well as an equivalent at the end of the sh’mittah year in money, i.e. the waiving of past due debts, acts of charity, and acts of helping your former servant to establish an economic base for himself, Moses now explains in detail commandments which are acts of gratitude vis a vis G’d, i.e. the giving to G’d or His representative the firstborn males of your livestock, i.e. sheep, goats and cattle. It is incumbent upon the owner of such herds to thank the Lord, for it is He Who is the source of his wealth. This is followed by repetition of the commandments to observe Passover, the commemoration of our obtaining political freedom, as well as the annual date on which the early barley harvest is acknowledged with an appropriate offering, and of Shavuot, the obtaining of our spiritual freedom when we received the Torah in capsule form, i.e. the Ten Commandments. Shavuot also ranks as the primary harvest festival celebrating the cutting of the wheat harvest.
Finally, we observe the Sukkot festival signaling that the last of the various harvests, particularly that of the trees has been successfully brought into the barns. On each of these festivals the farmer brings a gift for G’d with him when he makes the pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Temple. This is spelled out in 16,16. Seeing that the occasion for this is one or all of these three festivals, there is no need for the Torah to mention a specific date as we all know the dates of these festivals. The Torah does mention the season during which these festivals occur, to remind us that they are connected with times of significance to each farmer.
Finally, we observe the Sukkot festival signaling that the last of the various harvests, particularly that of the trees has been successfully brought into the barns. On each of these festivals the farmer brings a gift for G’d with him when he makes the pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Temple. This is spelled out in 16,16. Seeing that the occasion for this is one or all of these three festivals, there is no need for the Torah to mention a specific date as we all know the dates of these festivals. The Torah does mention the season during which these festivals occur, to remind us that they are connected with times of significance to each farmer.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashbam on Deuteronomy
תקדיש לה' אלוקיך, this means that you are to treat it as if sacred, i.e. not to shear its wool, not to use it to perform labour, etc. I have already explained the meaning of the words לא יקדיש איש אותו in Leviticus 27,26 as meaning that it cannot be designated as an offering for the altar.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rabbeinu Bahya
.כל הבכור אשר יולד בבקרך ובצאנך הזכר תקדיש לה' אלו--היך, “every firstborn male animal which will be born among your cattle or sheep you shall sanctify for the Lord your G’d.” Although the firstborn animal already is holy from birth without need to be so designated, seeing the Torah makes its sanctity dependent on it being פטר רחם, “the opening of the womb,” the Torah wants the owner to also sanctify the animal by declaring it sacred with his mouth. (Erchin 29) The commandment includes use of the name of the Lord to Whom the animal is consecrated. If we find a verse (Leviticus 27,26) where the Torah writes: “a firstling which is the Lord’s cannot be consecrated by anybody,” this means that it cannot be consecrated to serve as a different kind of offering.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
It is a mitzvah to declare ‘You are hereby consecrated as a firstborn.’ Otherwise, why is תקדיש (you must consecrate) necessary? For it is already consecrated.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 19. כל הבכור. Dieser ganze mit עשר תעשר begonnene מעשר שני-, צדקה ,-שמטת כספים ,-מעשר עני- und הענקה-Gesetzesabschnitt schließt mit erneuter Hervorhebung der בכור-Institution, welche die Basis aller dieser positiven göttlichen Verfügungen über unser Eigentum bildet. Alle diese Verpflichtungen sind kein Ausfluss des natürlichen Rechtes. Alle beruhen sie auf dem Grundfaktum, dass Gott, als er Israel zur Freiheit und Selbständigkeit aufrichtete, sein: "לי" über alle Personen und Güter seines künftigen Volkes aussprach, sich als den alleinigen wirklichen Eigentümer alles Eigentums in Israel setzte und damit sich die Verfügung über alle Personen und Güter reservierte. Und Träger und ewiger Verkünder dieses Grundfaktums aller unserer Personen- und Güterpflichten ist eben die בכור-Institution, zu welcher das bereits in diesem Abschnitt einleitend (Kap. 14, 23) erwähnte בכור בהמה טהורה-Gesetz gehört, welches eben der Gotthörigkeit und Weihe aller unserer Nahrungsgüter zur Basis dient und daher hier zum erneuten Ausspruch kommt. Es gehört aber dieses בכור בהמה טהורה-Gesetz mit zu denjenigen, die ihre Stelle in dem Kompendium der משנה תורה finden, da auch בכור ב׳׳ט seine Verwirklichung an der Stätte des Zentralheiligtums zu erhalten hat, und dessen Genuss ebenso wie מעשר שני auf den Stadtumkreis des Heiligtums beschränkt ist. Damit ist denn auch für diese Grundinstitution der Nahrungsgüterweihe das Bewusstsein wach gehalten, dass die Weihe an Gott gleichbedeutend ist mit der Weihe an sein im Nationalheiligtum ruhendes Gesetz, und dass jeder einzelne sein Eigentum nur von dem nationalen Standpunkt und der nationalen Bestimmung aus zur Verwendung bringen soll.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
כל הבכור, “all the firstling males, etc.;” this paragraph has been written here seeing that previously the Torah dealt with the rules governing the treatment of a Jewish “slave,” i.e. someone employed by a fellow Jew not of his free choice, and not free to leave such employment at will. Here, in verse 19, the Torah imposes restrictions on how the owner of an animal is not free to treat such an animal as if it did not possess any rights, i.e. לא תעבוד בבכור שורך, “you shall not make the firstborn of your ox perform menial labour.” Not only that, but the Torah has repeated this legislation in order to teach us that a blemished firstling animal must not even be offered as a sacrifice to G-d. (unless it was not born through entering the world through its mother’s womb,
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rashi on Deuteronomy
לא תעבד בבכור שורך ולא תגז וגו׳ THOU SHALT NOT WORK WITH THE FIRSTLING OF THY HERD, NOR SHEAR [THE FIRSTLING OF THY FLOCK] — The converse case also (working with the firstborn sheep and using the hair of the firstborn calf) have our Rabbis derived to be forbidden, but Scripture merely speaks of what usually occurs (Sifrei Devarim 124:6; Bekhorot 25a).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
Another interpretation. One cannot say, “You must consecrate”, etc. The first interpretation is problematic: What is the mitzvah to declare, “You are hereby consecrated,” if it is already consecrated? Therefore Rashi says, “Another interpretation, etc.” And the second interpretation is problematic: For the term תקדיש (You must consecrate) implies that the animals itself must be consecrated, and not its monetary value. Therefore Rashi also says the first interpretation. This answers the question that is asked: Rashi’s second interpretation is the viewpoint of Rebbi Yishmael, but the first interpretation is the viewpoint of the Rabbis who argue with him, and the halacha follows the Rabbis. Why then does Rashi mention the viewpoint of Rebbi Yishmael if the halacha does not follow him? Perforce Rashi is only coming to explain the verse close to its simple meaning, and to set each matter in the verse properly.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
Dieser wiederholte Ausspruch des בכור בהמה-Gebotes setzt übrigens die bereits in den übrigen Büchern niedergelegten Bestimmungen voraus und bringt einige wesentliche Ergänzungen derselben.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
אשר יולד) (Ibn Ezra)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Siftei Chakhamim
Then donate, to the sacred hekdesh domain, the value of its beneficiary payment. Re”m writes: Here Rashi explains, “Donate to hekdesh the value of its beneficiary payment.” But in tractate Erechin (29a) Rashi explains, “Donate to a kohein the value of its beneficiary payment,” which is difficult to understand. Furthermore: In tractate Bechoros (31a) the Mishnah says, “The monetary benefit of sacred animals that have been disqualified is given to hekdesh. They may be sold in the market and weighed in the usual manner; except for the firstborn and (animal) tithes, since their monetary benefit is given to their owners [the Kohanim].” Yet how can Rashi say here that the beneficiary payment of the firstborn is given to hekdesh? I found [a solution] written, which I think is correct: Rashi’s explanation here, "Then donate, to hekdesh, the value of its beneficiary payment,” is referring to a firstborn that was sanctified, for then its beneficiary payment is given to hekdesh. But there [in Erechin and Bechoros] is referring to a firstborn that was pledged, for all pledges are given to the Kohanim. Therefore Rashi explains there, “Give its beneficiary payment to the Kohanim.” See Erechin 28b, 29a.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
כל הבכור וגו׳ הזכר, durch dieses הזכר wird nach Bechorot 19 a der Schmot 13, 2 allgemein gehaltene Begriff בכור auf זכרים beschränkt und verhält sich הזכר zu כל הבכור wie פרט zum בכור זכר .כלל könnte aber das erstgeborene Männliche bedeuten, selbst wenn eine weibliche Geburt vorangegangen wäre. Dem gegenüber erläutert dort die Beifügung פטר רחם den Begriff בכור nicht als den Erstgeborenen eines Geschlechtes, sondern als die Erstgeburt überhaupt, es ist dies die Form: כלל הצריך לפרט, dass nämlich der פרט nicht eine quantitative Beschränkung des Umfangs, sondern eine näher präzisierende Erläuterung des Inhalts des כלל ist. Und ebenso könnte der פרט: זכר פטר רחם noch den Fall einschließen, dass noch ein ולד יוצא דופן vorangegangen, dass somit das Jetztgeborene wohl בכור לרחמים, aber nicht בכור לולדות wäre, diese Möglichkeit wird durch das voranstehende בכור ausgeschlossen, und damit der gesetzliche Begriff dahin fixiert, dass nur בכור לכל מילי der absolute בכור, nicht aber בכור לדבר אחד dem gesetzlichen Begriff entspreche, der זכר muss zugleich בכור לרחמים ולולדות sein. Es ist dies die Form: פרט הצריך לכלל, indem der זכר פטר רחם :פרט nicht durch den vorangehenden כלל erweitert wird, sondern eine beschränkende Präzision erhält (daselbst nach Raschis Auffassung).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Chizkuni
הזכר תקדיש, if such a firstling animal is male, you must treat it as holy for the Lord your G-d. You must offer such an animal to the Lord your G-d as His, and consume the parts that are permitted in a location that is sacred, after having performed the rites pertaining to sacrificial animals. The rituals are fewer than normal sacrificial offerings, as there is no need to perform s’michah, etc. i.e. the symbolic acts raising this animal to the status of being holy as such, as it has been born holy. (Talmud tractate Menachot, folio 90)
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
למעוטי שתפות נכרי :בבקרך ובצאנך(Chullin 135b) und so auch Bamidbar 3, 13: הקדשתי לי כל בכור בישראל ־ ולא באחרים(Bechorot 2a). Die mit קדושת בכור begründete Gotthörigkeit und Weihe alles Famileneigentums beruht so tief in der historisch gegebenen jüdisch-nationalen Geschichte und Bestimmung, dass sie nur dann eintreten kann, wenn sowohl das Muttertier als das Junge ausschließlich jüdisches Eigentum ist. Sobald aber vor der Geburt an dem Muttertier oder an dem Jungen einem Nichtjuden ein Mitanteilrecht geworden, so lässt dies die קדושת בכור nicht eintreten (Bechorot 3 a).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
תקדיש לד׳ אלקיך, obgleich בכור קדוש מרחם, die קדושה von selbst mit der Geburt eintritt, so ist doch נולד לו בכור בתוך ביתו מצוה להקדישו, dem, welchem ein בכור in seinem Eigentumskreise geboren worden, es Mizwa, die קדושה auch in Wort darüber auszusprechen, eine Bestimmung, die sicherlich in der tiefen grundlegenden Bedeutsamkeit dieser קדושה für den Besitzkreis des Eigentümers wurzelt.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Rav Hirsch on Torah
לא תעבד וגו׳ ולא תגז וגו׳. Dieses Verbot der גיזה ועבודה, das sich wie auf בכור, so auch auf alle קדשי מזבח erstreckt (Bechorot 25 a), ist nicht ein Ausfluss des allgemeinen מעילה-Gesetzes (Wajikra 5, 15 und Dewarim 12, 17). Es ergibt sich dies schon daraus, dass מעילה auch bei קדשי בדק הבית stattfindet, גיזה ועבודה jedoch מן התורה nur bei קדשי מזבח verboten ist (Bechorot daselbst), dass es hingegen bei קדשי מזבח selbst bei פסולי מוקדשין לאחר פדיונן aufrecht bleibt (siehe oben Kap. 12, 15).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy