Commento su Deuteronomio 18:10
Rashi on Deuteronomy
מעביר בנו ובתו באש [THERE SHALL NOT BE FOUND AMONG YOU ANYONE] THAT MAKETH HIS SON OR HIS DAUGHTER TO PASS THROUGH THE FIRE — This was the way of worshipping Molech. They made two pyres, one on this side and one on the other (one opposite the other) and passed it (the child) between them (cf. Sanhedrin 64b).
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Sforno on Deuteronomy
לא ימצא בך, even among non-Jewish residents of the Holy Land. A prominent example would be the woman used by King Sha-ul to produce the deceased prophet Samuel to give him a message. (Samuel I 28)
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Rabbeinu Bahya
לא ימצא בך מעביר בנו ובתו באש, קוסם קסמים, מעונן, נחש, ומכשף וחובר חבר, ושואל אוב וידעוני, ודורש אל המתים. “There shall not be found among you one who causes his son or daughter to pass through the fire; one who practices divinations, an astrologer, one who reads omens, a sorcerer. Or, an animal charmer, one who inquires of Ov or Yidoni, or one who consults the dead.” These two verses enumerate nine different varieties of תועבות, abominable practices which the Canaanites were in the habit of relying on.
The Torah lists the practice the Moloch cult first, which involved exposing one’s children to the fire in order to assuage that deity’s feelings. There is no more despicable form of idolatry than to sacrifice one’s own flesh and blood to such cults. Seeing that this practice is so distasteful to G’d, anyone who is guilty of it is subject to the karet penalty (compare Leviticus 20,3). People who violate Torah law by committing any of the other abominations listed here only qualify for 39 lashes, i.e. corporal punishment. After the Torah concluded by warning us not to become guilty of such practices, the Torah continues by emphasising the positive, i.e. asking us תמים תהיה עם ה' אלו-היך, “you shall be wholehearted with the Lord your G’d” (verse 13).
The expression מעביר used by the Torah describing the Moloch cult, means that the father makes the child walk between two columns of fire; I explained this already in connection with Leviticus 18,21.
The Torah lists the practice the Moloch cult first, which involved exposing one’s children to the fire in order to assuage that deity’s feelings. There is no more despicable form of idolatry than to sacrifice one’s own flesh and blood to such cults. Seeing that this practice is so distasteful to G’d, anyone who is guilty of it is subject to the karet penalty (compare Leviticus 20,3). People who violate Torah law by committing any of the other abominations listed here only qualify for 39 lashes, i.e. corporal punishment. After the Torah concluded by warning us not to become guilty of such practices, the Torah continues by emphasising the positive, i.e. asking us תמים תהיה עם ה' אלו-היך, “you shall be wholehearted with the Lord your G’d” (verse 13).
The expression מעביר used by the Torah describing the Moloch cult, means that the father makes the child walk between two columns of fire; I explained this already in connection with Leviticus 18,21.
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Siftei Chakhamim
The Rabbis said that this refers to sleight of hand magicians. Rashi (Sanhedrin 65b) explains, “He seizes and closes people’s eyes by showing them as if he is doing miraculous things and [actually] he does nothing.”
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
VV. 10 u. 11. ספרי) להזהיר ב׳׳ד על כך :לא ימצא בך), es ist spezielle Verpflichtung des Staates und der Repräsentanz desselben, diese zum größten Teil bereits Wajikra 18, 21. 19. 26. 31. 20. 2 — 7. 27 verbotenen Übungen heidnischer Mantik in seiner Mitte nicht zu dulden. Über שואל אוב ,מנחש ,מעונן ,מעביר בנו ובתו באש siehe Schmot מכשף siehe die eben zitierten Stellen des Wajikra.
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Chizkuni
'לא ימצא בך מעביר בנו באש וגו, “there must not be found amongst you any father who makes his son pass through fire, etc.” Where is the penalty for such abuse of parental authority written? It is found in the otherwise superfluous words: אשר מזרעו, “from his offspring,” in Leviticus 20,2, where the same subject has been discussed already.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
קסם קסמים ONE THAT USETH DIVINATION — What is a diviner? One who takes his stick in hand and says, (as though he were consulting it), “Shall I go, or shall I not go?” So does it state, (Hoshea 4:12) “My people ask counsel of their stick, and their staff declareth unto them” (Sifrei Devarim 171:6).
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Rabbeinu Bahya
קוסם קסמים, “practicing divinations;” this is a person who takes a staff in his hand and says: “I will go to a certain place, or I will not go to a certain place” as the case may be; this is what the prophet Hoseah spoke about in Hoseah 4,12: ”My people, it consults its stick, its rods direct it.” [The idea is that decisions are based on the stick falling in a certain manner, pointing in a certain direction. Ed.]
מעונן, the word can have one of three meanings; 1) it is derived from עונה, a certain period of time. 2) it is derived from עין eye; 3) It is derived from ענן, cloud. If it is derived from עונה this is the way Rabbi Akiva understood it, i.e. that the person (astrologer) says that certain dates in the calendar are propitious whereas others are not. People determine when to engage in certain enterprises and when not, based on such predictions. The sages who differ with Rabbi Akiva claim that the people who practice the form of sorcery described as מעונן engage in sleight of hand, i.e. they deceive our eyes. The third view, relating the word to ענן, cloud, claim that the people engaging in this practice consult cloud patterns and presume to foretell future events based on this.
מנחש, “someone who interprets signs,” such as if one’s bread fell out of one’s mouth, what does this portend? Or, if a deer crosses one’s path what does this signify? Some explain the word to mean that such people look at birds and their wings or try and interpret the twittering of the birds. They believe that when Kohelet 10,20 speaks about “for a bird of the skies may carry the sound, and some winged creature may betray the matter,” that Solomon spoke of people who through interpreting the movements of such birds could divine their message.
מעונן, the word can have one of three meanings; 1) it is derived from עונה, a certain period of time. 2) it is derived from עין eye; 3) It is derived from ענן, cloud. If it is derived from עונה this is the way Rabbi Akiva understood it, i.e. that the person (astrologer) says that certain dates in the calendar are propitious whereas others are not. People determine when to engage in certain enterprises and when not, based on such predictions. The sages who differ with Rabbi Akiva claim that the people who practice the form of sorcery described as מעונן engage in sleight of hand, i.e. they deceive our eyes. The third view, relating the word to ענן, cloud, claim that the people engaging in this practice consult cloud patterns and presume to foretell future events based on this.
מנחש, “someone who interprets signs,” such as if one’s bread fell out of one’s mouth, what does this portend? Or, if a deer crosses one’s path what does this signify? Some explain the word to mean that such people look at birds and their wings or try and interpret the twittering of the birds. They believe that when Kohelet 10,20 speaks about “for a bird of the skies may carry the sound, and some winged creature may betray the matter,” that Solomon spoke of people who through interpreting the movements of such birds could divine their message.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
קסם קסמים Ezechiel 21, 26 ist der König von Babylon unschlüssig, ob er gegen die Ammoniter, in deren Hauptstadt Raba, oder gegen Juda, in dessen Hauptstadt Jerusalem, zu Felde ziehen sollte und macht die Entscheidung von einer Veranstaltung von Wahrzeichen abhängig. Daselbst heißt es nun: כי עמד מלך בכל על אם הדרך בראש שני הדרכים לקסם קסם קלקל בחצים שאל בתרפים ראה בכבד. Er stellte sich an den Scheidweg לקסם קסם und veranstaltete dieses קסם auf drei Weisen, mit Pfeilen, mit Teraphim und mit Leberbeschauung. Demgemäß scheint קסם der allgemeine Begriff der Wahrsagerkunst zu sein, die auf mannigfache Weise geübt wurde. Daher denn auch das Resultat wieder einfach mit קסם bezeichnet wird. Wie er auch die Entscheidung versuchte, immer בימינו חיה הקסם ירושלים, immer erschien rechts das קסם: Jerusalem, und war somit der Feldzug gegen Jerusalem entschieden. Josua 13, 22 heißt auch Bileam: הקוסם. Wir haben es daher: Wahrsager übersetzt. Die sprachliche Verwandtschaft mit יזם und גזם haben wir bereits zu Bereschit 11, 6 bemerkt, und bezeichnete es demnach die Anmaßung eines über das dem Menschen zuständige Maß hinausgehenden Wissens und Könnens. Wie כזב :כשוף, so ist גוזמא :קסם.
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Chizkuni
קוסם קסמים, “someone using divination to learn about future events;” according to Rashi, an example of divination would be if a person takes hold of his walking cane, asking it if it is in his interest to undertake a certain journey. The subject appears also in Hoseah 4,12, although no examples are given how the cane would give its sign. [Some commentators therefore do not understand the word: “walking cane” literally, but see it as a synonym for an idol made of wood. The idol would be asked and give some sign to the questioner. Ed.]
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
מעונן — Rabbi Akiba said, Such are people who assign times (עונות plural of עונה “period”, “time”) — who say, “This time is auspicious to begin some work”; the Sages, however, say, It refers to those “who hold your eyes under control” (who delude by optical deception; they connect מעונן with עין “eye”) (Sifrei Devarim 171:9).
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
חבר חבר. Psalm 58, 5 u. 6 steht das Bild einer wütenden Schlange und einer tauben Otter, die dem Zauberwort eines חובר חברים מחוכם nicht gehorchen will. Jesaias 47, 9 u. 12 wird bei Babylons Fall hervorgehoben, dass ihm doch alle seine chaldäische Wissenschaft, die es von je so unendlich gepflegt, nichts genützt, dass ihm insbesondere חבריך ורב כשפיך ,רב בשפיך עצמת חבריך keine Rettung vor dem Falle zu bringen vermochten, seine חוברים, die sogar sich erkühnten, חוברי שמים sein zu wollen, und deren lächerliche Prätension daselbst (V. 13) — wie wir glauben — durch Umwandlung des ח in das schwächere ה ausgedrückt ist. Aus beiden Stellen ist, dünkt uns, entschieden klar, dass die Prätension des הובר הבר nicht sowohl eines höheren Wissens, als vielmehr eines höheren Könnens sich rühmte. Seinem Willen das Wollen einer Schlange, seinem Willen die den Bestand eines Staates bedrohenden Mächte auf geheimnisvolle Weise untertan machen, einen Zauberbann über Beliebiges üben zu können, das gab der חובר חבר vor. So wird auch Sanhedrin 65 a חובר חבר als ein solcher begriffen, der Tiere oder Geister zusammen bannt, sie zusammen gegen einander zwingt. Das in der obigen Psalmstelle enthaltene Bild zeigt den חובר חבר מחוכם in Ausübung seiner Kunst an einer Schlange. Das Merkmal des Zusammenzwingens vieler dürfte daher der חברKunst nicht wesentlich sein. Ohnehin hat man zu bedenken, dass חבר im קל sich mit jemandem verbinden, sich jemandem anschließen heißt — כל אלה חברו (Bereschit 14.4). — Wenn חבר ein Zusammenbannen ausdrücken sollte, müsste es die Pielform חבר haben. Vielleicht drückt חבר das aus, was in der Sprache der Magie: sich mit jemandem in Rapport setzen, heißt. Der Magier setzt sich in eine solche enge Verbindung mit einem anderen lebenden Wesen, dass sein Wille an die Stelle des Willens dieses letzteren tritt und er dessen geistigen und leiblichen Organe nach seinem Willen lenkt. Er weiß sich in Verbindung mit anderen zu setzen, daher: חובר חבר.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
מנחש A SORCERER — [one who draws prognostications from the fact that] the bread fell from his mouth, or that a stag crossed his path, or that his stick fell from his hand (Sifrei Devarim 171:10; Sanhedrin 65b; cf. Rashi on Leviticus 19:26).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
.ודרש אל המתים Die Form ”דרש אל” die hier und so auch Jesaias 8, 18 und 19, 3 vorkommt, dürfte einen solchen Vorgang bezeichnen, bei welchem eine Frage nicht direkt an den gerichtet wird, von welchem man die Antwort erwartet, welches דרש את heißen würde. Der דורש אל המתים gibt vor, an irgend eine Person oder einen Gegenstand eine Frage zu richten, die eben durch diese Medien an einen bestimmten Toten gelangt und von diesem durch dieses Medium beantwortet wird. Das ganze Unwesen des heutigen Spiritualismus ist nichts als eine solche דרישה אל המתים.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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