Talmud su Levitico 23:42

Now is a house which is very high not obligated to have a parapet, or to have a mezuzah¹²Since a sukkah is a temporary house, one has to understand why the rules for a sukkah should be different from those for a house; in particular why a sukkah can be called by this name only up to a height of 20 cubits (11m). Naturally, a sukkah needs no parapet (Deut. 22:8) since nobody can walk on its roof, and it needs no mezuzah(Deut. 6:9) since it is used only for 7 days and the obligation of mezuzah starts only with 30 days’ use.? But a house is roofed, a sukkah is not roofed¹³A house must be a permanent shelter which also protects against winter rains; this does not apply to the thin thatching covering a sukkah.. We find that thatching is like roofing, as we have stated there¹⁴Mishnah 1:10. Everywhere an empty space up to 3 hand-breadths width is disregarded (cf. Eruvin Chapter 1, Note 248). This also applies to houses., “if the thatching was three hand-breadths distant from the walls it is disqualified.” But a house is completely enclosed, a sukkah is not completely enclosed. If a porch¹⁵Greek ’εξέδρα ‘η, a covered walkway. Cf. Eruvin Chapter 1, Note 88. was totally open to the public domain, do not Rebbi Ila [in the name of]¹⁶Corrector’s addition. A comparison with the text in Eruvin(Chapter 1, Note 92) shows that it is unnecessary, and could have been replaced by a comma. Rav and Rebbi Joḥanan both say, one may carry in its entirety¹⁷While this is a well-defined space, it has no walls. In order to treat it by the rules of an alley one has to hold that the beams which form the frame for the roofing (which may be either a complete roof or simply lattice work) define virtual walls around the walkway. For the rules of the Sabbath, one should compare the porch to an enclosed alley, whose entry beam also cannot be higher than 20 cubits. The rule is waved for the porch.? What about it? Rebbi Abbahu in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: The Torah said, in sukkot you shall dwell¹⁸Lev. 23:42.. Up to twenty cubits a person sits in the shade of the thatching; from twenty cubits and higher he sits in the shade of the walls. Rebbi Jonah said, that is, if you are saying, if it¹⁹The thatching. For him a low thatching in very high walls creates a qualified sukkah. is put higher than twenty cubits on the walls. But if it was put lower than twenty cubits inside the walls it is qualified. Rebbi Yose said to him, in your opinion, since you are saying that it is depending on the walls, it should state that “a sukkah which is higher than twenty cubits on the walls is disqualified.²⁰R. Jonah’s explanation is rejected; the thatching must be on top of the walls.” Rebbi Abba in the name of Rav, if it only holds a person’s head, most of his body, and his table²¹A minimal sukkah has space for one person. Since they were taking dinner lying on couches, there must be room inside for that part ot the couch on which his head and body rest; the legs may be outside. In addition there must be a small table for the food. For any sukkah larger than this, the restriction in height is not valid. Accepted in the Babli, 2b.. But if it holds more it is qualified. Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa in the name of Rebbi Joshia, only if its walls do not reach up all the way, but if its walls reach up all the way it is qualified. But does not a baraita disagree²²Tosephta 1:1, Babli 2b.? “Rebbi Jehudah said, it happened that the sukkah of Queen Helena²³Of Adiabene, who moved to Jerusalem as a widow. in Lydda was higher than twenty cubits and the Sages were coming and going there and nobody was saying a word. They said to him, because she was a woman, and a woman is not obligated²⁴As a positive commandment tied to a specified time it does not apply to women, Mishnah Qiddušin1:7.. He said to them, is that a proof? Did she not have seven learned sons²⁵It is spelled out in the Tosephta that they were sitting with their mother in her sukkah.?” Could you say that the sukkah of Queen Helena only held a person’s head, most of his body, and his table? But it must be that the walls do not reach up all the way. What Rebbi Josia said is reasonable and the baraita does not disagree, since it is the way of rich people to make their walls airy so that cool air may enter²⁶Therefore it is accepted practice that the height restriction does not apply to a sukkah which is not minimal and whose thatching rests on the walls..

Rebbi Jeremiah asked: Since you say, one opens for him by the honor of his father and mother; in things between him and the Omnipresent, one does not open for him by the honor of the Omnipresent¹²Since this is not mentioned in the Mishnah. Since “the Omnipresent” is a name of God, the scribe inserted an apostrophe to make a later correction or erasure possible.. But since in matters between him and his father and mother one opens for him by the honor of his father and mother; similarly, in things between him and the Omnipresent should one not open for him by the honor of the Omnipresent? What is the honor of the Omnipresent? For example, that I shall not make a tabernacle¹³Lev. 23:42., that I shall not take a lulab¹⁴One of the “four kinds”, Lev. 23:40., that I shall not put on phylacteries¹⁵Ex. 13:9,16.. One understands that he does it for his own benefit. As in the following¹⁶Job 35:7. The reward of good deeds is purely the benefit of the doer.: “If you are just, what are you giving Him?” “If you sinned, what would you do to Him?¹⁷Job 35:6. The mention of this verse and the sermon following are induced by the preceding quote.” Rebbi Yannai said, one who listens to his urges is as if he worshipped idols. What is the reason? “In yourself there shall be no alien force; do not bow down to a foreign god.¹⁸Ps. 81:10. The alien forces are the evil urges in a person; they are put in parallel with idol worship. In the Babli, Šabbat 105b, the statement is attributed to R. Abin.”

Rav Hoshaia asked: If he brought a plank²⁷A solid wooden plank. While it is of vegetable origin, it cannot be used for thatching if it is too wide since it is impermeable by both light and rain. The pillar is standing in the middle of the sukkah. One may either sit under the protruding plank or on top of it. and put it protruding on top of a pillar. It is obvious that if he measures from the plank there are twenty cubits, if he measures from the ground it is not twenty cubits²⁸But more than that.. How do you treat this? As disqualified space, as disqualified thatching? If you are treating it as disqualified space, it disqualifies by three hand-breadths²⁹If it cannot be used for thatching, cf. Note 13; Halakhah 10.. If you are treating it as disqualified thatching, it only disqualifies by four cubits³⁰If the roof is made of solid material, only in the center there is a skylight which can be covered by thatching; this may be a qualified sukkah if the solid material does not extend 4 cubits from the walls. The solid roof then simply is considered a horizontal part of the vertical walls.. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun in the name of Ḥizqiah: Disqualified thatching only disqualifies by four cubits, since it serves only to permit the sukkah³¹Babli 4a.. Rebbi Miasha said, I am wondering what was Rav Hoshaia’s problem? Why does he not infer from the statement of Rebbi Abba bar Mamal, since we stated there³²Mishnah 1:10.: “If one makes the wall hanging from top to bottom, if it is more than three hand-breadths higher than the ground it is disqualified³³Up to three hand-breadths of empty space are disregarded both on top (Note 13) or on the bottom of a wall. The wall is considered as if standing on the ground.;” and Rebbi Abba bar Mamal said, if he does not sit and eats in the shade of the walls, but if he was sitting and eating in the shade of the walls it is qualified³⁴If he sits on the ground in such a sukkah, it is as if he sits in the open. But if he lies on a couch or sits on a chair higher that 3 hand-breadths, he is surrounded by walls and is under a thatched roof, fulfilling the commandment to sit in the sukkah. Similarly, in the case of Rav Hoshaia, one should say that if he sits on the ground, the sukkah is disqualified, but not if he sits on the plank.. Rebbi Yose said, that of Rebbi Abba bar Mamal is not an inference since Rebbi Abba bar Mamal learned it from another Mishnah, as we have stated there³⁵Eruvin Mishnah 8:9.: “From a balcony above the sea one may not draw water on the Sabbath unless one made a partition ten hand-breadths high either above or below³⁶The house is on a lakeshore, the balcony is built over the lake, and there is a hole in the balcony through which a pail may be lowered to draw water. While obviously water is always moving and it cannot be asserted that water drops found under the balcony on the Sabbath were there at sundown, and the water could have come from outside the house’s Sabbath domain, since the restriction is purely rabbinic it is enough that under the balcony one make a symbolic wall whose extension would enclose the water..” And Rebbi Ze`ira said, Rav Jehudah in the name of Rav: Only if the partition is lowered into the water the full length of a pail³⁷A quote from Eruvin Chapter 8 (Notes 73–80). Since water is always moving, it is impossible to know which molecules will be where at a given time. The answer is that this is irrelevant; at the time the pail is lowered it will draw water only from water on the house’s side of the partition lowered into the lake.. But one cannot compare it. The sea is karmelit, neither private nor public domain³⁸A technical term defined in this sentence. Cf. Šabbat1, Note 73.. But here the Torah said, in sukkot you shall dwell¹⁸Lev. 23:42.. From the floor of the sukkah you measure twenty cubits³⁹In all cases. R. Abba bar Mamal’s statement is disproved..