이사야 13:10의 주석

and its constellations Similar to מַזָּלוֹתֵיהֶם.

וכסיליהם According to some, כְּסִיל is the name of the star which is nearest to the south pole, at the sight of which the camels die.¹¹The star near the south pole is seen by the inhabitants of the northern hemisphere only in the midst of the summer, when the camels are exposed to the greatest heat. The name of the star is, according to I. E. (on Amos 5:8) Edom in Hebrew, Sahil in Arabic; it is now known by the name Kanopus. My opinion is¹²Concerning the four constellations mentioned in the Bible חַדְרֵי תֵימׇן עׇשׁ כְּסִיל כִּימׇה (Amos 5:4, Job 9:9, 38:31), I. E. gives the following explanation: חדרי תימן Kanopus and the stars round him; עש the Great Bear; כסיל the Heart of the Scorpion; כימה the left eye of the Taurus. (In his Kele Nehosheth, a description of an astronomical instrument and its use, כימה is identified with Algadia, or the Haedi in the Auriga.) These four constellations occupy, according to I. E. the four most important spots of the celestial sphere; namely, עש is near the north pole; חדרי תימן near the south pole; כסיל near the south equinoctial point; כימה near the north equinoctial point. At present, however, the latter two are not near the mentioned points, because of the eastward motion of the Zodiac, which amounts in a hundred years nearly to one degree and a half. that כסיל is the Heart of the Scorpion constellation; it is, however, possible that כסילים in this verse—comp. כְּסׇלִים flanks (Lev. 3:4)—signifies the stars near the poles.¹³This derivation is also mentioned, and, as it seems, adopted by I. E. in his commentary on Lev. (3:4.) A distinction is therefore to be made between the singular כסיל the Heart of the Scorpion, and the plural כסילים the stars on the sides or flanks of the two poles, hinted at in the dual form of the preceding שׇׁמַיׅם. (Comp. I. E., Sefer hashem, 100:1.) R. Jonah remarks that there is only one star named כסיל, and that here, in the plural כסילים, other stars are included; comp. בתי השן the houses of ivory (Am. 3:15).¹⁴R. Jonah is here not censured so severely as in the commentary on Amos 4:15. I. E. says there—of course only for the sake of a play of words, in which he frequently indulges, not with the intention to offend—הוא בשמים רבים הם בארץ והוא אחד מהם אם כסיל אחד. R. Jonah thinks that there was only one house of ivory in the days of Amos, namely the one built by king Ahab (1 Kings 22:39), because no mention is made of any other such house. The plural בתי השן houses of ivory must, according to his opinion, include houses which were not of ivory. This opinion is justly—though too harshly—rejected by I. E.

illuminate Heb. יָהֵלּוּ. They shall illuminate, and so (Job 29:3), “When his lamp shone,” (בְּהִלּוֹ)” (ibid. 31:26). The light when it shone brightly (יָהֵל).

יׇהֵלּוּ They will let shine.¹⁵A. V. Will shine. Its form is like that of וַיׇחֵלּוּ and they began (Judg. 20:31). Its root is הלל, and it is a transitive verb; comp. בהלו גרו when he lights his candle (Job 29:3).¹⁶A. V. When his candle shined. יַגִּיהַ Shall cause to shine. Likewise a transitive verb, as proved by יַגִּיהַ חׇשְׁכִּי He will enlighten my darkness (Ps. 18:29)

the sun has become dark Because of their distress, it seems to them as though the sun has become dark.