레위기 22:12의 주석

לאיש זר TO A LAYMAN — to a Levite or an ordinary Israelite (i. e. to any non-priest) (Sifra, Emor, Section 5 7).

ובת כהן כי תהיה לאיש זר, "And the daughter of a priest who marries an non-priest," etc. Torat Kohanim uses the restrictive word היא, "she," to exclude her mother, meaning her mother (the wife of a priest) may eat תרומה even though her daughter is not allowed to do so even if the mother had meanwhile become a widow (who had not remarried).

To a Levite or an Israelite. Rashi is answering the [following] question: that It is obvious that she has to marry an איש זר (lit. a nonrelative), because she is forbidden to relatives. He answers that regarding her, a Levite or an Israelite are considered a זר. [See Re’m]

.ובת כהן....ובת כהן, why does each verse have to be written separately and have to be introduced by the words: ובת כהן, “and the daughter if a priest?” We must understand these verses as follows: “if this daughter of a priest gets married to someone who is not a priest, i.e. someone who had actually not qualified for marrying a priest’s daughter, as described in the Talmud, tractate Yevamot folio 68, where the subject is the widow of a High Priest; seeing that this woman had married someone forbidden to her, she has forfeited the right to eat t’rumah something that had been her right from birth until such time. [If the Torah had not written that after becoming divorced or widowed such a woman if she returned to her father’s house could resume eating trumah, if she was still childless, I would not have known that while married to a non priest she had been forbidden to do so. Ed.]

I have seen an allusion of a moral-ethical nature in this paragraph which it is important for people to appreciate. Remember that Sanhedrin 93 taught us that the spiritual level of the Israelites is higher than that of the angels. We have also been taught in the Zohar second volume page 155 that G'd created four different worlds, each one higher than its counterpart. All this is derived from Isaiah 43,7 כל הנקרא בשמי ולכבודי בראתיו, יצרתיו, אף־עשיתיו. "All that is called by My name I have created, for My glory, fashioned it, and completed it." The word לכבודי refers to a higher world called עולם האצילות. The word בראתיו refers to a world known as עולם הבריאה. The word יצרתיו refers to the world known as עולם היצירה, whereas the word עשיתיו refers to our world, the world known as עולם העשיה. You must also appreciate that G'd's glory fills the entire universe including all these worlds we have described. It says in Deut. 33,27 ומתחת זרעות עולם, "and from beneath the arms of the world." G'd's "light" illuminates all four worlds. This is the mystical dimension of the tetragram, the four-lettered name of G'd י־ה־ו־ה. The letter י refers to G'd illuminating the domain called עולם האצילות, the totally spiritual, abstract world which we described. The first letter ה refers to the עולם הבריאה; the letter ו refers to the עולם היצירה, and the second letter ה refers to the עולם העשיה.

The Zohar volume 1 page 80 also states that the vital parts of man are divided into four categories each of which is identified by a different name. One part is called נפש, a second part is called רוח whereas a third part is called נשמה. A fourth, and still more spiritual part, is called חיה. The part called חיה belongs to a domain called אפנים [a domain of the angels supporting G'd's throne Ed.] a celestial domain which may best be described as the "soul of the soul; Kabbalists claim that the vital part of man which is due to the light G'd employs in the עולם העשיה, our physical universe, is relatively weak and provides only the small part of the vitality needed to enable creatures to move. This is the only part of the "soul" that we are conscious of in this life. G'd arranged things in this way seeing the world we live is relatively gross, coarse. This "soul" is commonly referred to as נפש, "a physical life-force." On the other hand, the category of "vitality" which emanates from the light of G'd with which He illuminates the עולם היצירה is commonly known as רוה, spirit. It is a commensurately stronger spiritual force. The "vitality" which originates in the light with which G'd illuminates the עולם הבריה is called נשמה, in accordance with the degree of spirituality which permeates the world it originates in. Finally, the vitality originating in the עולם האצילות is best known as נשמה לנשמה, "the soul of the soul."

The Lord G'd, Master of all the worlds, established some degree of fusion between the various spiritual domains with the physical domain in the creature called אדם, man. The phyical part of man is composed of four basic elements; G'd imposed the laws governing the various levels of spirituality in the different worlds on these elements. You must know that גשמיות, corporeality, opposes fusion with spirituality by definition, by its very nature. This opposition between these two domains is more powerful than the opposition between fire and water. This is why G'd in His wisdom created within man the lowest level of spirituality, i.e. the נפש because it represents only a minimum of spirituality and is therefore not as opposed to corporeality as would be higher forms of spirituality. G'd imbued this נפש with a minute part of the next higher form of spirit, i.e. the רוח. As a result we may view the נפש as sort of a half-way house between body and spirit. The רוח by itself would be unable to maintain an existence due to the fierce resistence by the physical elements in man. In a similar fashion we may view the רוח as a half-way house between the נפש and the נשמה, for the value relationship between the נפש and that of the נשמה which has been illuminated by an immeasurably greater light from G'd is similar to that of the body to that of the רוח. Similarly, the נשמה itself may be viewed like a half-way house between the רוח and the נשמה לנשמה. In other words the נפש is able to to stand on its own, the רוח requires two elements to support it whereas the נשמה requires three elements to support it, whereas the נשמה לנשמה requires four elements to suppport it.

Another statement by the sages of the Zohar volume 2 page 94 describes the progressive strengthening of the pious by means of the לקח טוב, the good lesson, the Torah which enables man to rise to spiritually higher and higher levels. In this fashion the נפש develops into רוח, and רוח in turn develops into נשמה. Eventually, the נשמה develops into נשמה לנשמה, the "soul of souls" known in kabbalistic parlance as חיה. This is the purpose of the creation of man the most advanced terrestrial creature.

Our sages have said further that as a direct result of man achieving the spiritual tasks set for him he in turn will make use of G'd's universe as if it belonged to him. This is the mystical dimension of Psalms 128,2: "When you enjoy the fruit of your labour you will be happy and you will be well off." David assures us that the אשר and the טוב he is speaking about will be "yours." This is also what the sages had in mind when they said that before or upon entering this world the נפש consumes what it enjoys in this world as if she were a grown up daughter [who still depends on her father without contributing to the expense of the household, Ed.], whereas when that נפש returns (after death of the body) she has qualified for the status of a married daughter.

You also need to appreciate that whatever G'd created in this world is dependent on input of sustenance from a higher world called the עולם האצילות. This is an allusion to the light of G'd represented by the letter י in the tetragram. The מזון, sustenance, we refer to is called קדש, holy, the source of all the goodness referred to in the Psalm we quoted. This is the deeper meaning of Nechemyah 9,6 ואתה מחיה את כולם, "and You provide sustenance for them all." The degree and visibility of G'd's contribution to the maintenance of phenomena in our terrestrial world becomes more and more distant looking, much as the source of a plant which grows bigger and bigger seems further and further removed from the source it originally received its nourishment. G'd has arranged things in this manner so that every creature receives what it is entitled to in accordance with its spiritual development. It is also G'd who provides water for physical earth. This is its bounty, i.e. the vitality which corresponds to the vitality called נפש in man. This is the only way earth is able to fulfil its function of growing plants, etc. Indirectly then, earth too contributes to the development of the various levels of vitality in man, i.e. נפש, רוח, נשמה, and נשמה לנשמה. There is no creature in the universe be it the terrestrial regions or the celestial regions which does not depend on the continued input by its holy source, its sacred origin. Each creature, be it totally abstract or totally physical is provided with its respective needs by G'd Almighty.

Another thing which you the reader must know is that some people achieve the highest of the levels of spirituality we have described, i.e. they possess the נשמה לנשמה, whereas others achieve only lower levels respectively. However, if someone has not progressed beyond the level of possessing the נפש which is common to all creatures at birth even his good deeds count for nothing. His deeds do not possess the spiritual power to raise them towards the celestial regions. Our deeds in this terrestrial world impact on higher celestial regions only by means of the רוח, the first higher level of spirituality. The נפש itself is elevated to the level of רוח by means of man's (intentional) good deeds. When man achieves that level, the good deeds he performed previously become "his own," so that he is called in our literature בעל מעשים טובים, "the owner of good deeds." This is the mystical dimension of Proverbs 23,2: אם בעל נפש אתה, "if you have become the owner of the נפש. Ownership of your נפש is the result of having laboured to acquire it. The concept is that the רוח becomes the "owner" of the נפש as a result of fatigue caused by performance of good deeds by the body whom it inhabits. Both the נפש and the רוח ascend together and imbibe from the same holy source of sustenance as equals. The same holds true for the רוח in its value relationship compared to the נשמה, and for the נשמה in its comparative value relationship with the נשמה לנשמה. Acquisiton of the requisite spiritual level by a person may be due to one of two reasons. 1) The spiritual power bestowed by the father at the time of conception of the fetus; I have explained this in greater detail in Genesis 49,3 on the words ראובן בכרי, "Reuben is my firstborn." 2) It may be achieved by the independent effort of the person involved especially if assisted by Torah study. In connection with Leviticus 22,27: שור או כשב או עז כי יולד, "when an ox, a sheep, or a goat is born, etc.." The Zohar volume 3 page 91 describes that a human being through the help of Torah study is capable by his own efforts to achieve the highest spiritual plateau even though at birth he was spiritually under-endowed to the worst possible degree. The key to his success is how much he is prepared to tire himself in the process of Torah study. You should realise that in addition to the positive achievements of a spiritual nature we have described, the residue of Adam's sin which inhabits every human being to a greater or lesser degree affects different categories of people differently according to the level of spirituality they have attained. The reason for this is simply that the impact of that residue on the force called נפש is not to be compared with the impact of that same residue of spiritual pollution on such forces as רוח, נשמה, or נשמה לנשמה respectively.

We know from Ezekiel 18,4 that הנפש החוטאת היא תמות, "that the נפש which sins will die, i.e. that the defect or blemish on the נפש is powerful enough to cause the sinner's destruction, his physical death. If the person who is on the spiritual level of רוח displays such symptoms as צרעת, etc., this is already considered a sign of a very grave defect although it does not result in physical death. Kohelet 17,7 describes this as a situation והרוח תשוב אל האלוקים אשר נתנה, "the spirit ought to return to G'd who has provided it." However, our sages in Shabbat 152 explain that statement as a commandment to man that when the time comes for him to die he is to return the spirit G'd has provided in its original unstained condition, without the spots signifying that the person suffered a צרעת, skin-eczema, i.e. has been guilty of misdemeanours. If man has not managed to get rid of these blemishes (through repentance, etc.) it will prevent his רוח from returning to its celestial origin and his spirit will instead be consigned to the domain of the סטרא אחרא, a spiritually negative domain. Although the immediate impact of a defect in a person of the נשמה spiritual level is "only" the fact that G'd will withdraw the level of Divine light that such a person was bathed in, this very absence is equivalent to a major disgrace for such a person. The impact of any misdemeanour is in direct ratio to the esteem that such a person was held in by G'd before he became guilty of that misdemeanour. The result of a misdemeanour committed by someone who had attained the level of spirituality we defined as נשמה לנשמה, is not the withdrawal of G'd's light but the withdrawal of the automatic protection which G'd grants such people against becoming guilty of trespasses against the laws of the Torah. This is discussed in Tikkuney Ha-Zohar chapter 70 in connection with the verse in Proverbs 12,21 לא יאנה לצדיק כל און, "no harm will befall the righteous." The author of תקוני הזהר understands that the kind of person described by Solomon in that verse is the one who has attained the level of נשמה לנשמה. When such a person will find himself on the threshold of committimg a second sin, the holy soul which so far protected him against actually committing such a sin is withdrawn from him so that he remains unprotected in the presence of his temptation. His situation is comparable to a person who had once enjoyed the privilege of playing host to the King in his home but who had been foolish enough to expel his illustrious guest.

After G'd has informed us about all these aspects of the various parts of the soul, etc., the Torah commenced (verse 10) with the words וכל זר לא יאכל קדש, "that any non-priest must not eat something holy," it is clear that the Torah speaks of different categories of "holy things," i.e. of 1) sacrificial meat, and 2) of things the holiness of which is hidden, i.e. the bounty from G'd who provides spiritual food for the בני אלוקים, the people who have acquired a degree of sanctity.

The words תושב כהן ושכיר allude to the phenomenon of נפש and רוח respectively. The רוח is described as תושב כהן, a permanent resident within a priest, who is by definition the home of the נשמה called כהן, a superior level of spirituality. The word שכיר describes the force we know as נפש, seeing it is this force which carries out all the activities man performs. The Torah tells us that these two aspects of man are not entitled to consume the kind of spiritual food the Torah here calls קדש, seeing that this food is of a very superior level of holiness. It is worthwhile to read what Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai wrote in the Zohar volume 2 page 121 about the difference between the word kodesh and kadosh.

The Torah continues וכהן כי יקנה נפש קנין כספו, "when a priest buys a soul, an acquisition by his money, etc." Here the Torah describes the superior נשמה העליונה by the term כהן. The Torah describes this נשמה as if it were masculine by speaking of the נשמה i.e. as כספו something masculine. The Torah's message is that once a person has achieved this level of spirituality it deserves to be described in masculine terms. [Normally, the Torah would have spoken of the purchase being made by the aspect of a person called נפש, and the Torah would have had to write ונפש כי תקנה instead of כי יקנה. Ed.] The words כי יקנה נפש mean that the means by which this כהן has attained the spiritual level of נשמה is that his deeds were superior enough for him to "acquire" his נפש and to elevate it to the level of his נשמה so that such a person may now be called בעל נפש, as we mentioned in connection with Proverbs 23,2.

הוא יאכל בו, "he may eat of it;" having attained this level of sanctity enables also the normally spiritually lowly נפש to partake of that "holy" nourishment which was out of bounds to it prior to its spiritual ascent.

ויליד ביתו, "and those born in his house." This is a reference to the souls which had descended into a nether domain after Adam's sin, and which are gradually being rescued from that spiritually negative environment through the good deeds of the righteous. The good deeds are like a magnet which attracts the sparks of goodness which existed in isolated form in different parts of the universe. They are here described as "children of the נשמה," the Torah telling us that even they will experience such a spiritual ascent.

The Torah continues (verse 12) ובת כהן. Here the Torah refers to the נשמה which has become defective and defiled through the deeds it performed so that it has forfeited the right to enjoy G'd's spiritual nourishment, the one described by the Torah previously as kodesh. When the Torah writes כי תהיה לאיש זר, "who will be married to a stranger," the reference is to the fact that she (the soul) has betrothed herself to the forces of Satan (the stranger). והיא בתרומת הקדשים לא תאכל, "and she must not eat portions set aside from holy things." The Torah makes a point of singling out בתרומת to tell us that even things of which only 2% are sanctified must not be eaten by someone whose soul has been demoted due to a misdemeanour; such a backsliding person must certainly not eat from the קדש itself. The emphasis, i.e. repetition of the word והיא is intended to separate this law from what follows in the next verse seeing the next verse starts with the conjunctive letter ו at the beginning of the word ובת. The denial of this kind of food to such a person who had achieved the level of נשמה is a true affliction for his life-force and that soul will feel painfully demoted as a result of forfeiting the divine light which had illuminated its life previously.