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민수기 5:7의 주석

וְהִתְוַדּ֗וּ אֶֽת־חַטָּאתָם֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשׂוּ֒ וְהֵשִׁ֤יב אֶת־אֲשָׁמוֹ֙ בְּרֹאשׁ֔וֹ וַחֲמִישִׁת֖וֹ יֹסֵ֣ף עָלָ֑יו וְנָתַ֕ן לַאֲשֶׁ֖ר אָשַׁ֥ם לֽוֹ׃

그 지은 죄를 자복하고 그 죄 값을 온전히 갚되 오분지 일을 더하여 그가 죄를 얻었던 그 본주에게 돌려 줄 것이요

Rashi on Numbers

את אשמו בראשו [HE SHALL RESTORE] THAT WHEREIN HE IS GUILTY, AS BEING THE CHIEF SUM — This means, he shall restore the principal about which he has sworn falsely (Bava Kamma 110a).
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Or HaChaim on Numbers

והשיב את אשמו, and he shall make restitution for his guilt, etc. The Torah again switched to use of the singular although the verse had commenced by speaking about sinners in the plural confessing their guilt. The reason is that when it comes to having to confess one's guilt all sinners are in a similar situation. When it comes to making restitution, however, this is not so as the Torah makes allowances for poor people whose sin-offering consists of lower priced birds or even a meal-offering only. We have learned this in Leviticus 5,7-5,13.
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Rashbam on Numbers

והשיב את אשמו, the capital value minus the penalty.
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Siftei Chakhamim

This is the principal [payment] concerning which he took the oath. This was the value originally payable, thus Rashi explains: What is termed the principle? — The money concerning which he took the oath. This means to say that it is the money concerning which he took an oath, and not the additional fifth.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

V. 7. איש או אשה וגו׳: damit ist zugleich der große folgenreiche Rechtsgrundsatz gegeben: השוה הכתוב אשה לאיש לכל עונשין שבתורה, dass das Gesetz in der Verantwortlichkeit für alle Gesetzübertretungen Frauen und Männer völlig gleichstellt (B. K. 15a, Pesachim 43 a u. f.).
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Chizkuni

וחמישתו יוסיף עליו, “and he is to add a fifth of it” (the value of the stolen property); if his confession is not the result of witnesses having accused him of his guilt, but it is simply an expression of his remorse, then he does not have to pay this extra 25% which was meant as a penalty. We have already explained in our commentary on Leviticus 5,16 precisely what is meant by the word .
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Rashi on Numbers

לאשר אשם לו [AND HE SHALL RESTORE THE PRINCIPAL … AND GIVE UNTO HIM] TO WHOM HE IS GUILTY — i.e. unto him to whom he (the claimant) owes money (Ketubot 19a).
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Siftei Chakhamim

To whom he is liable. Rashi is answering the question: Why didn’t the Torah write “from whom he stole” instead of “to whom he is indebted”? This implies that [one returns the money] to the one to whom the principle belongs. For example, if someone lent money to the person who was robbed, and this [thief] came and stole it from him, he is obliged to give it to the lender who lent it to the person who he stole from. Thus Rashi stated “to the one to whom he is liable” to teach that one gives the money to the one to whom the victim of the theft is liable.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

והתודו (siehe zu Wajikra 5, 5). Dies ist das erste neue Moment, das die im Wajikra bereits gegebene Darstellung dieses Gesetzes ergänzt. Nicht nur das אשם, das, wie jedes Opfer, Besserung gelobendes Geständnis voraussetzt (siehe Wajikra 5, 5), sondern auch חומש-Pflicht tritt nur in Folge des Geständnisses, nicht aber in Folge bloß gerichtlicher Überführung durch Zeugen ein. Auf Grund von Zeugen ist er nur zum einfachen Ersatz zu verurteilen. Sein Geständnis, sei es ein freies oder erst nach geschehener Zeugenaussage abgelegtes, verpflichtet ihn zu חומש und אשם (B. K. 108a u. b).
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Chizkuni

ונתן לאשר אשם לו, “he will give to the person against whom he trespassed etc.” this verse teaches that if someone had owed a certain person, Reuven, say 100 dollars, and he came to the court with the intent to pay Reuven that amount, but did not arrive until another creditor of Reuven had lodged a claim regarding an independent amount owed him by Reuven, the court will accept payment from the debtor and transfer it to the creditor, as the Torah specifically writes: “he will give it to the one against whom he had sinned by not paying it sooner.” (Sifri)[Malbim adds certain qualifications to the example quoted by Sifri. Ed]
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

ממון המשתלם בראש מוסיף חומש ממון שאין משתלם בראש אין מוסיף חמש :והשיב את אשמו בראשו וגו׳ (B. K. 65 b). Nur wo auf Grund von Zeugen die einfache Schuldsumme zu zahlen wäre, da tritt mit Geständnis חומש hinzu, wo aber auf Grund von Zeugen die doppelte Summe, כפל, wie bei גנבה oder טוען טענת גנב (siehe Schmot 22. 6) zu leisten ist, da tritt auch nach dem Geständnis nicht noch חומש hinzu, vielmehr ist in solchem Falle nur כפל und אשם zu leisten. Ja, es schließt כפל so sehr חומש aus, dass ein bereits mit כפל verfallenes Klageobjekt selbst dann nicht auch noch mit חומש belegt werden kann, wenn ein darauf bezüglicher Eid ganz unabhängig von der כפל-Frage ist, z. B. טען טענת גנב ונשבע וחזר וטען טענת אבד ונשבע ובאו עדים אקמייתא והודה אבתרייתא, weil, wie es dort heißt: ממון המחייבתו כפל פוטרו מן החומש (B. K. 108 a).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah

ונתן לאשר אשם לו: nach ר׳ נתן (Gittin 37 a) eventuell auch dem, dem er durch seine Unrechtfertigkeit indirekt verschuldet worden, denn נושה בחברו מנה וחברו בחברו גובין מזה ונותנין לזה, wenn sein Gläubiger mit einer gerichtlich liquiden Schuld einem dritten verschuldet ist, so hat er seine Schuld direkt an diesen dritten zu entrichten.
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