민수기 6:3의 주석
מִיַּ֤יִן וְשֵׁכָר֙ יַזִּ֔יר חֹ֥מֶץ יַ֛יִן וְחֹ֥מֶץ שֵׁכָ֖ר לֹ֣א יִשְׁתֶּ֑ה וְכָל־מִשְׁרַ֤ת עֲנָבִים֙ לֹ֣א יִשְׁתֶּ֔ה וַעֲנָבִ֛ים לַחִ֥ים וִיבֵשִׁ֖ים לֹ֥א יֹאכֵֽל׃
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Rashi on Numbers
מיין ושכר — Understand this as the Targum does: he shall abstain from new (יין) and old wine (שכר). The latter is called שכר, “intoxicating drink”, because wine makes one intoxicated when it is old.
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Sforno on Numbers
מיין ושכר יזיר, he is not to flagellate himself, or practice fasting, but only to abstain from wine and intoxicating liquids. The former methods of self-denial would result in a diminished ability to serve the Lord with all one’s faculties. Flagellation, a common practice among certain types of monks and “holy men,” is not allowed, but becoming a teetotaler does reduce the urge to let oneself go and engage in demeaning activities due to drunkenness
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Rashbam on Numbers
משרת ענבים, according to Menachem the word משרת is derived from the root שרת, as in Numbers 8,26 ושרת את אחיו, “he (the Levite) will assist his brethren (the priests) in the service, i.e. he will not be allowed to substitute for him.” The letter מ at the beginning of the word משרת would then have to be understood like the letter מ in מרמס In Isaiah 10,6 or as in the word משמר in Genesis 40,3, i.e. as a letter which converts a verb into a noun.
It is not possible to explain the word משרת as related to שרת, in the sense of assist, serve, except when it occurs in connection with service performed by human beings for their masters.
Therefore, I believe that the word משרת belongs to a category of verbs which have the peculiarity that the last letter of their root disappears when the verb (or noun derived from it) appears in the construct mode. An example is the verb קנה, acquired, or מקנה, acquisition, which when in the construct form becomes מקנת, “acquisition of.” (compare Exodus 12,44) Although this expression is not found elsewhere in the Torah it does occur in the Talmud, always referring to something which had been soaked in water, such as in Nazir 36 where it describes a Nazirite who had soaked his bread in grape juice. We also find an expression in Jeremiah 15,11אם לא שריתיך לטוב, which is explained there by Rashi as similar to Daniel 5,12 משרא, being freed form shackles. The word שריתיך in Jeremiah is understood as “I have scattered you,” if instead of with the letter ש it had been spelled with the letter ז. Compare Maleachi 2,3 where it appears as “I will strew, scatter, etc.” You will find this word in this sense in Numbers 17,2 when Eleazar is told to scatter the fire which had been on the pans on which the congregation of Korach had offered their incense. משרת ענבים in our verse also means anything which separated from the actual grapes and fell down. It is like a person after he had been freed from the chains that had held him captive.
It is not possible to explain the word משרת as related to שרת, in the sense of assist, serve, except when it occurs in connection with service performed by human beings for their masters.
Therefore, I believe that the word משרת belongs to a category of verbs which have the peculiarity that the last letter of their root disappears when the verb (or noun derived from it) appears in the construct mode. An example is the verb קנה, acquired, or מקנה, acquisition, which when in the construct form becomes מקנת, “acquisition of.” (compare Exodus 12,44) Although this expression is not found elsewhere in the Torah it does occur in the Talmud, always referring to something which had been soaked in water, such as in Nazir 36 where it describes a Nazirite who had soaked his bread in grape juice. We also find an expression in Jeremiah 15,11אם לא שריתיך לטוב, which is explained there by Rashi as similar to Daniel 5,12 משרא, being freed form shackles. The word שריתיך in Jeremiah is understood as “I have scattered you,” if instead of with the letter ש it had been spelled with the letter ז. Compare Maleachi 2,3 where it appears as “I will strew, scatter, etc.” You will find this word in this sense in Numbers 17,2 when Eleazar is told to scatter the fire which had been on the pans on which the congregation of Korach had offered their incense. משרת ענבים in our verse also means anything which separated from the actual grapes and fell down. It is like a person after he had been freed from the chains that had held him captive.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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Siftei Chakhamim
Wine intoxicates. Meaning why is new wine called יין (wine) while old wine is called שכר (lit. intoxicating)? The answer is because it is [more] intoxicating.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 3. יין :מיין ושכר יזיר und שכר gegenüber hat er den Entfernungskreis um sich zu ziehen. Wie der in das Heiligtum eingehende Priester, wie der zur Gesetzeslehre schreitende Gesetzeslehrer (Wajikra 10, 9-11) vor Genuss berauschenden Weines sich zu hüten hat, so und in einer noch viel weiteren Ausdehnung hat der Nasir während der ganzen Zeit seines Nasirtums Wein und alles, was vom Weinstocke stammt, von sich fern zu halten. Priester und Lehrer haben im Momente des Priester- und Lehrdienstes sich alles wirklich Berauschenden, freilich selbst in dem geringen Quantum eines רביעית zu enthalten. Das Verbot des Nasirs beschränkt sich zwar nur auf Wein, allein es ist auf alles ausgedehnt, was nur vom Weinstocke stammt, auf alles, was, wenn es gleich selbst nicht im entferntesten berauscht, doch an den Wein erinnert. So lange der Nasir Nasir ist, soll sein Sinn auf das Heiligtum und auf Gottes Gesetz gerichtet sein, so lange der Nasir Nasir ist, soll er unverwandt Priester und Lehrer sein und die Fernhaltung des Weinstockes mit allem, was von ihm stammt, soll ihm die stete Mahnung sein, sich die ungetrübte Klarheit des Geistes und die unaufgeregte Ruhe des Gemütes zu bewahren, die die Nasirarbeit an seinem denkenden und empfindenden Innern erfordert.
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Rashi on Numbers
וכל משרת — The word משרת denotes “steeping” in water or any other liquid. In the Mishnaic language there are many examples of this, e.g., (Shabbat 17b): “One must not soak (שורין) ink-materials and dyes in water on the eve of Sabbath”; (Nazir 34b): “A Nazarite who steeped (שרה) his bread in wine".
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Siftei Chakhamim
Denotes adding color. Meaning [the adding of color by] the soaking of something in water or any other liquid. Because for the term כיבוס (lit. washing) which refers to immersion [in a mikveh] the Targum translates with the word ויצבע (related to the word for coloring), as Rashi explains at the end of Parshas Tazriah (Vayikra 13:58).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
מיין ושכר. Während oben Wajikra 10, 9 nach der vom רמב''ם rezipierten Auffassung das שכר teils erläuternder Zusatz: יין und zwar כדרך שכרותו, in berauschender Weise, teils den Begriff auf alle berauschenden Mittel שאר משכרין ausdehnende Erweiterung ist — (siehe Keritot 13 b 363 שו''ת דשב''א) —, ist hier durch die folgende Angabe: חומץ ,ענבים ,חרצנים ,זג auch שכר nur als Teilbegriff פרט des Gesamtbegriffes מכל אשר יעשה מגפן היין :כלל zu verstehen, und ist somit יין noch schwacher, junger Wein, מגתו, noch nicht vierzig Tage alt, und שכר schon alt gewordener, berauschender. So מחמר חדת ועתיק :אונקלום. Das ganze Satzgefüge (Verse 3 u. 4) ist מיין ושכר יזיר פרט מכל אשר יעשה מגפן היין כלל מחרצנים ועד זג חזר ופרט :ופרט וכלל ופרט אי אתה דן אלא בעין פרט (es hat diese Satzform ganz die Geltung wie כלל ופרט וכלל, siehe Wajikra 11, 9, nur ist bei פרט וכלל ופרט der zum כלל erhobene פרט beschränkter zu fassen, אי איכא פרטא דדמי משני צדדין מרבינן בחד צד לא מרבינן (Nasir 53b) מה הפרת מפרש פרי ופסלת פרי (z.B Raschi ץמוח) אף כל פרי ופסולת פרי (siehe Nasir 34 b).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
שרה .וכל משרת ענבים, chaldäisch: lösen, auflösen (daher erlauben, wieהַתֵר ), einweichen, kommt nur hier und zwar in letzterer Bedeutung vor. Davon scheint auch שִׁרְיוֹן : der Panzer. Es ist weich, d. i. gefügig und schmiegsam gemachtes Metall durch lose Verbindungen von Metallschuppen. Nasir 37 a gibt es zwei Auffassungen von משרת ענבים, entweder: שרה ענבים ביין ויש בהן טעם יין, dass man Weintrauben in Wasser so lange eingeweicht, bis dem Wasser Weingeschmack mitgeteilt, und wäre dies dann ein Beispiel für den allgemeinen gesetzlichen Begriff, dass: טעם בעיקר, dass ein in einen erlaubten Stoff eingedrungener, sich nur noch im Geschmack kundgebender איסורStoff seinen איסור-Charakter nicht eingebüßt hat; oder: ששרה פתו ביין ואכל כזית מפת ומיין, dass er von Brot und Wein zusammen ein כזית gegessen habe, wo der mitgenossene היתר, das Brot, den שיעור des איסור ergänzt, היתר מצטרף לאיסור, ein Satz, der dann nur bei איסורי נזיר Anwendung fände (siehe Wajikra Kap. 6, 11 und Bamidbar Kap. 31, 23 ).
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Rabbeinu Bahya
The meaning of the word שכר in our verse refers to any agent capable of causing man to become intoxicated. The word חרצנים is unique in the Bible just as is the word זגין. The former refers to the seeds inside the grapes, the latter to the skin on the outside. Rabbi Avraham Ibn Ezra thinks that it is the other way around.
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