민수기 15:5의 미드라쉬

(Lev. 17:3:) “If any single person from the House of Israel.” This text is related (to Ps. 51:20–21), “Make Zion prosper in Your good pleasure; rebuild the walls of Jerusalem. Then You shall delight in sacrifices of righteousness, burnt offerings, and whole offerings….” To what is the matter comparable? To a rich and noble man, who has no wife. His house was not [really] a house. Why? When the tenants came, he said to them, “Go rest in another place.” Why? Because he had neither house nor wife. He took a wife. He said to them, “Whatever you bring me, from now on bring them up to the house.” Thus all the days before Moses erected the tent of meeting, they offered sacrifices [in] any place, as stated (in Exod. 24:5), “Then he sent youths of the Children of Israel, and they offered burnt offerings….” And so it says (in Exod. 8:23), “Let us go a distance of three days into the wilderness and sacrifice to the Lord our God.” When the tabernacle was raised, the [Holy One, blessed be He,] said to Moses, “From now on you are only permitted to offer sacrifice in the tent of meeting”; and there they offered up the [gift]⁶⁷Gk.: doron. to the Holy One, blessed be He. It is so stated (in Deut. 12:13-14), “Take heed that you do not offer up your burnt offerings in any place that you see. But only in the place that the Lord will choose.” And where did the Holy One, blessed be He, choose? Jerusalem, as stated (in Ps. 132:13), “For the Lord has chosen Zion; He has desired it for His dwelling.” Moses therefore warns Israel, saying (in Lev. 17:3-4), “If any single person from the House of Israel [slaughters an ox, a lamb, or a goat in the camp]…. And does not bring it unto the entrance of the tent of meeting to offer it as a sacrifice… [bloodguilt shall be imputed to that person].“ The Holy One, blessed be He, foresaw that the Temple was going to be destroyed; so the Holy One, blessed be He, said, “As long as the Temple exists, you shall sacrifice within it, [and] there will be atonement for you; but when the Temple does not exist, how will there be atonement for you? Occupy yourselves with the words of Torah, because they are comparable with offerings, and they will atone for you.” Thus it is stated (ibid.), “This is the thing (literally: word).” So also the prophet says (in Hos. 14:3), “Take words with you, and return unto the Lord.” The words of Torah resemble all the offerings. One offers wine as a libation upon the altar, as stated (in Numb. 15:5), “And a quarter hin of wine for a libation”; and Torah resembles wine, as stated (in Prov. 9:5, where wisdom says), “and drink of the wine I have mixed.” One offers bread upon the altar, as stated (in Numb. 28:2), “My offering, My bread for My fire offering; and so it says (in Exod. 25:30), “And you shall set the [show]bread upon the table before Me always”; and Torah resembles bread, as stated (in Prov. 9:5, where wisdom says), “Come and eat of my bread.” One offers oil upon the altar, as stated (in Lev. 2:5), “fine flour mixed with oil”; and Torah resembles oil, as stated (in Eccl. 9:8), “Always let your clothes be white, and let there be no lack of oil upon your head.”⁶⁸Cf. Eccl. R. 9:8:1, which also understands this verse as referring to Torah.

10) But this still requires (learning i.e., Perhaps "and the meal-offering" indicates the meal-offering of a leper [and is not intended to liken the meal-offering to the burnt-offering]). (This cannot be, for in the section on libations [Bamidbar 15:5]) it is written (that the meal-offering is to be brought) "in addition to the burnt-offering" — this is the burnt-offering of the leper; "for the sacrifice" — to include the sin-offering of the leper; "or for the sacrifice" — to include his guilt-offering.

The Midrash Rabba (Bamidbar 15:5) relates that when the Jews were given the commandment to kindle the Menorah in the Temple (Bamidbar 8:2), they asked G'd why He told them to light up for Him Who is the Light of the whole world. G'd said to them, "You are right. I do not need your light. But I want to give you an opportunity to light for Me like I have lit for you." G'd led the Jewish people with a cloud of glory and a pillar of fire. This is why He told them to kindle the lights when the Tabernacle was erected. "This will elevate your position amongst the nations. They should say, look how the Jewish nation lights for the One who lights up the whole world." [...] The Midrash explains that this can be compared to a seeing person who leads a blind person as they travel along the road together. When they come to the house, the seeing person says to the blind one, "Please go and light a candle for me." To this the blind person replies, "I do not understand. As long as we were travelling, you supported and guided me. Why do you now ask me to light a candle for you?" To this the seeing person responds, "I want to give you an opportunity to pay me back so that you do not feel an ongoing debt of gratitude".

[(Lev. 17:2:) THIS IS THE THING.] The Holy One foresaw that the Temple was going to be destroyed; so the Holy One said: As long as the Temple exists, you shall sacrifice within it, < and > there will be atonement for you; but when the Temple does not exist, how will there be atonement for you? Occupy yourselves with the words of Torah, because they are comparable with offerings, and they will atone for you. Thus it is stated (ibid.): THIS IS THE THING (literally:WORD). So also the prophet says (in Hos. 14:3 [2]): TAKE YOUR WORDS WITH YOU, < AND RETURN UNTO THE LORD…; LET US RENDER AS BULLOCKS THE OFFERING OF OUR LIPS >. The words of Torah resemble all the offerings. One offers wine as a libation upon the altar, as stated (in Numb. 15:5): AND A QUARTER HIN OF WINE FOR A LIBATION; and Torah resembles wine, as stated (in Prov. 9:5, where Wisdom says): AND DRINK OF THE WINE I HAVE MIXED. {And Torah resembles bread, as stated} [One offers bread upon the altar, as stated (in Numb. 28:2): MY OFFERING, MY BREAD FOR MY FIRE OFFERING; and so it says] (in Exod. 25:30): AND YOU SHALL SET THE [SHOW] BREAD UPON THE TABLE [BEFORE ME ALWAYS]; and Torah resembles bread, as stated (in Prov. 9:5, where Wisdom says): COME AND EAT OF MY BREAD. One offers oil upon the altar, as stated (in Lev. 2:5): FINE FLOUR MIXED WITH OIL; and Torah resembles oil, as stated (in Eccl. 9:8): ALWAYS LET YOUR CLOTHES BE WHITE, AND LET THERE BE NO LACK OF OIL UPON YOUR HEAD.⁸²Cf. Eccl. R. 9:8:1, which also understands this verse as referring to Torah.

(Numb. 15:2:) WHEN YOU COME…. What is written below on the matter (in vs. 20)? OF THE FIRST OF YOUR DOUGH YOU SHALL SET ASIDE A LOAF (hallah) AS AN OFFERING. Here is the food, but where is the drink? (Vss. 2, 5:) WHEN YOU COME UNTO THE LAND OF YOUR HABITATIONS, [ … ] AND <A QUARTER HIN OF> WINE FOR A LIBATION. This text is related (to Eccl. 9:7): GO, EAT YOUR BREAD WITH GLADNESS, AND DRINK YOUR WINE WITH A JOYFUL HEART, FOR GOD HAS ALREADY ACCEPTED YOUR WORKS. <These words are> speaking of Solomon.⁴¹Numb. R. 17:2; see above Numb. 4:27. When he had built the Temple and completed it, what did he do? He celebrated a seven-day dedication. Then he returned and celebrated an additional seven days for the festival (of Tabernacles). But because they had forgotten to keep the Day of Atonement, they were distressed.⁴²See Gen. R. 35:3; see MQ 30a. R. Isaac said: A heavenly voice (bat qol) came forth and said to him (in Eccl. 9:7): GO, EAT YOUR BREAD WITH GLADNESS….

Rabbi Ẓe'era taught: The tree || which is mentioned here is none other than the vine tree. If they do not cut off from the tree the fruit of the first three years, all the fruit which it yields will be gleanings fit to be pluckt off, and not good; and its wine will be disqualified for the altar; but if they cut off from the tree the fruit of the first three years, all the fruit which it yields will be good for the sight, and their wine will be selected to be brought upon the altar. So with our father Abraham; before he was circumcised, the fruit which he produced was not good [in its effects, and was disqualified from the altar; but when he had been circumcised, the fruit which he produced was good in its effects, and his wine] was chosen to be put upon the altar like wine for a libation, as it is said, "And wine for the drink offering" (Num. 15:5).