잠언 12:10의 미드라쉬

R. Akiba was a shepherd [in the employ of the rich] ben Kalba Shebua. The latter's daughter observed him to be a very pious and talented man. She said to him: "If I marry you, will you go to a college [to study the Torah?"] "Indeed, surely, "was his response. They were married secretly and she sent him off to the college. When her father became aware of this secret marriage he ordered her to leave his house and vowed that she should not enjoy the benefit of his estate. Akiba went and spent twelve years at the college, and on his return, led with him twelve thousand disciples. On nearing [the dwelling of his devoted wife] he overheard a conversation of an old woman who said: "How long (Fol. 63) is this unfortunate woman going to lead the life of a widow?" Whereupon she replied: "If my husband would hearken unto me, he would stay there twelve more year." R. Akiba said to himself: "Since she gives me permission I will act according to her advice." He immediately returned and spent twelve years more in the college. When he returned he brought with him twenty-four thousand disciples. His wife, having been informed [of his arrival] went out to meet him, and when her neighbors proposed to her that she borrow dressing garments wherewith to cover herself, she replied to them (Pr. 12, 10) A righteous man feeleth the life of his beast. When she reached him, she prostrated herself before him and kissed his feet. When his attendants were about to push her away, R. Akiba remarked to them: "Let her alone, for mine [Torah] and yours are due to her. Her father [who regretted his hasty decision], having been informed that such a great scholar had arriver in town, said: "I shall go to see him, perhaps he will invalidate my vow [which I made against my suffering daughter."] There he went, and upon the visitor's question whether his intention was to make the vow [against her] even if she had married a great scholar, he replied: "Not even if her husband should be able to learn as little as one chapter or even one Halacha." Thereupon R. Akiba said: "I am the one." Kalba Shebua immediately fell face forward upon R. Akiba's feet and kissed them, giving him one-half of his entire fortune. R. Akiba's daughter did the same thing with ben Azai, and this is the meaning of the saying. "Eve follows eve, as the mother acts, so does the daughter."

R. Akiba was betrothed to the daughter of Bar Kalba Shabua. When the latter was informed of it he made a vow that she should not have the privilege of enjoying anything of his entire estate. They were married during the winter, and in order to keep them warm they used to sleep upon straw. Akiba, while picking out the straw from his wife's head, remarked to her that if he became rich he would make her a golden plate upon which Jerusalem will be engraved. One day Elijah, disguised as a poor man, came and knocked at the door. He said to them: "Give me some of the straw, for my wife is lying in confinement and I have nothing to cover her." "See," remarked R. Akiba to his wife, "there is a man who has not even straw to cover himself." "Go and become a student," she proposed to him. Whereupon he went and spent twelve years before R. Elazar and R. Joshua. At the expiration of the twelve years he came to his house. Before entering it he overheard his wife conversing. One wicked man said to her: "Your father served you right, first, because your husband is not equal to you, and secondly, see he left you a widow of a living husband for so many years." Whereupon she responded: "If my husband should take my advice he would remain twelve more years." R. Akiba then said to himself: "Since she gives me permission, I shall immediately return." And so he did. He went back and remained there twelve more years. At the expiration of the twelve years he returned with twenty-four thousand disciples. The entire community went out to welcome him, and also his wife arose early in order to welcome him. A certain wicked woman said to her: "Where art thou going?" Whereupon she answered (Pr. 12, 10) A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast. When she came to see him, she was pushed away by several of the Rabbis. Whereupon R. Akiba said to them: "Let her come, for my Torah and yours is hers." Her father was informed that a great man had arrived in town, so he went to get an annulment of his vow, and he enriched him with all his estate.

And God remembered Noah (Gen. 8:1). Scripture says elsewhere in reference to this verse: A righteous man regardeth the life of his beasts; but the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel (Prov. 12:10). The Righteous One of the world, however, regardeth the life even of a beast, even when He is angered, for His ways are not the ways of man.

But the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel (Prov. 12:10). This verse alludes to the men of the generation of the flood, who were extremely cruel. Our rabbis of blessed memory posed the query: What did they do when the Holy One, blessed be He, brought the waters of the deep upon them and they saw the waters beginning to gush over them? They had given birth to many children, as it is written: Their seed is established (nakhon) in their sight with them, and their offspring before their eyes (Job 21:8). In fact, this verse implies that the women would conceive at night and give birth (nakhon) the next morning, as it is said: And would be ready (nakhon) by morning (Exod. 34:2). And their offspring before their eyes (Job 21:8) indicates that they lived to see their great-grandchildren. Some of them took their children and stuffed them unmercifully into the crevices through which the waters gushed. Hence, it is said: The mercies of the wicked are cruel. How do we know that they actually did that? Job declared: The womb forgetteth him; the worm feedeth sweetly on him; he shall be no more remembered, unrighteousness is broken as a tree (ibid. 24:20). The womb forgetteth him … he shall be no more remembered signifies that they pressed their own offspring into these crevices. What did the Holy One, blessed be He, do to them after that? He brought the flood down upon them and destroyed them, as it is said: Unrighteousness is broken as a tree.¹³Just as a tree is destroyed by a flood, so these unrighteous men were destroyed by the flood from above.

Another interpretation (of Gen. 8:1): THEN GOD REMEMBERED NOAH. It is written (in Prov. 12:10): A RIGHTEOUS ONE KNOWS THE SOUL OF HIS CATTLE.³³Tanh., Gen. 2:7. The righteous one of the world (i.e., God) even understands the soul of his cattle, even when he is angry. The characteristics the Holy One are not like flesh-and-blood character. In the case of flesh-and-blood character, when the province revolts against < the king >, he sends his legions³⁴Lat.: legiones. and destroys it. So he treats the good and the evil equally as one, as there is no one present to say: Such and such a person is blameless. Leave him alone. Instead one kills them all. But the Holy One is not like that. Rather, when the whole generation was provoking him, so that he was angry with them, and when only a single righteous one was present, he saved him. Thus it says (in Prov. 12:10): A RIGHTEOUS ONE KNOWS THE SOUL OF HIS CATTLE. So also it says (in Nahum 1:7): THE LORD IS GOOD, A STRONGHOLD IN THE DAY OF TROUBLE; AND HE KNOWS THOSE SEEKING REFUGE IN HIM. (Prov. 12:10, cont.:) BUT THE COMPASSION OF THE WICKED IS CRUEL. These < wicked > are the generation of the flood, since they were cruel. Our masters have said: When the Holy One caused the deep to arise and they saw the fountains rising up over them, what did they do? They had a lot of children. So each and every one, taking his child, set him on the deep; but the waters prevailed. Thus it says: BUT THE COMPASSION OF THE WICKED IS CRUEL. [And where is it shown that they did this?] Where Job said so (in Job 24:20): COMPASSION FORSAKES HIM; THE WORM SWEETLY FEEDS ON HIM; IT SHALL NO LONGER BE REMEMBERED, < i.e., > the compassion of the one whose children they were.³⁵The usual interpretation of the verse renders rhm as “womb” rather than “compassion” and understands “him” as what is no longer remembered, but this translation makes more sense in the present context. What did the Holy One do to them? He brought a flood down upon them from above and destroyed them. Thus it is stated (ibid., cont.): AND UNRIGHTEOUSNESS IS DESTROYED AS A TREE. R. Berekhyah said: They were more than solid enough, and they had < physical > height (rt.: QWM). Thus, if he had not punished them from above, the waters would not have overcome them. Thus Job has said (in Job 22:20): SURELY OUR ADVERSARIES (rt.: QWM) WERE DESTROYED, AND FIRE HAS CONSUMED THEIR REMNANT. How so? When the Holy One saw that they had not died in the ocean depths below, he brought down fire upon them from above, which burned them up. Thus it is stated (ibid.): SURELY OUR ADVERSARIES WERE DESTROYED, < AND FIRE CONSUMED THEIR REMNANT >. Moreover, the fowl, the cattle, and the wild animals turned on them and they diminished their numbers, as stated (in Gen. 7:21): AND ALL FLESH WAS DIMINISHED IN NUMBER…. When they themselves saw that they were lost, they sought to overturn the ark. What did the Holy One do? He surrounded the ark with lionesses, which ate them, as stated (in Gen. 7:16): AND THE LORD SHUT < HIM > IN. What is the meaning of SHUT IN (rt.: SGR). < Its meaning is > like that used in the context (of Dan. 6:23 [22]): MY GOD SENT THE³⁶The Masoretic Text reads HIS. ANGEL WHO SHUT (rt.: SGR) THE LIONS' MOUTHS.

(Lev. 22:28:) “In the case of an animal from the herd or the flock, [you shall not slaughter] it and its offspring on the same day.”⁶⁶Although the nouns here are masculine singular and would normally read: IN THE CASE OF A BULL OR A SHEEP, Rashi understands the verse as only prohibiting the slaughter of a female beast and its offspring on the same day. Others like Ibn Ezra understand the prohibition in the verse as referring to both sexes. For a discussion of the two interpretations, see Hul. 78b-80a. This text is related (to Prov. 12:10), “A righteous one regards the life of his beast, but the compassion of the wicked is cruel.”⁶⁷Lev. R. 27:11: PRK 9:11. “A righteous one regards the life of his beast.” This refers to the Holy One, blessed be He, as it is written in the Torah (in Deut. 22:6 with reference to birds), “you shall not take the mother with the young.”⁶⁸Cf. Tos. Meg. 25a. “But the compassion of the wicked is cruel.” This refers to Sennacherib, of whom it is written (in Hos. 10:14), “the mother was dashed to pieces with the children.” “A righteous one regards the life of his beast.” This refers to the Holy One, blessed be He, as it is written in the Torah (in Lev. 22:28), “In the case of an animal from the herd or the flock, [you shall not slaughter] it and its offspring….” “But the compassion of the wicked is cruel.” This refers to Haman, of whom it is written (in Esth. 3:13), “to destroy and to annihilate [all the Jews].” R. Levi said, “Woe to the wicked, because they devise secret plans against Israel.⁶⁹M. Ps. 2:4. Each and every one says, ‘My plan is better than your plan.’ Esau said, ‘Cain was stupid to kill [his brother] Abel during his father's lifetime.⁷⁰Cf. Gen. R. 75:9. Did he not know that his father would be fruitful and multiply [afterwards]? I am not acting like that. Instead (in Gen. 27:41), “Let the days of mourning for my father come; then I will kill my brother Jacob.”’ Pharaoh said, ‘Esau was stupid to say, “Let the days of mourning for my father come.” Did he not know that his brother would be fruitful and multiply during his father's lifetime? I will not act like that. Instead, while they are tiny under their mothers' birthstool, I will strangle them.’ Thus it is written (in Exod. 1:22), ‘Every son born you shall throw into the Nile.’ Haman said, ‘Pharaoh was stupid to say, “Every son born [you shall throw into the Nile, but every daughter you shall keep alive].” Did he not know that, when the daughters are married to men,⁷¹According to Yafat Toar, this means foreign men, but it appears to me to be speaking about older Jewish men who were born before this decree (Ed. FN). they are fruitful and multiply through them. I will not act like that. Instead, [I will act] (in Esth. 3:13), “to destroy and to annihilate [all the Jews, young and old, children and women, on a single day].”’” R. Levi said, “Gog and Magog as well are going to say the same, ‘The former ones were stupid because they devised secret plans against Israel. Did they not know that they have a Patron⁷²Lat.: patronus. in the heavens? I will not act like that. First I will join in battle with their Patron, and after that I will join in battle with them.’” Thus it is written (in Ps. 2:2), “The kings of the earth take their stand, and the rulers take counsel together against the Lord and against his anointed.” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, “O wicked one, have you come to Me to join in battle?⁷³Rt.: ZWG. The root more commonly refers to joining in wedlock as does the Greek verb, zeugnunai. By your life I will wage war with you,” as stated (in Is. 42:13), “The Lord shall go forth like a warrior […].” It also says (in Zech. 14:3) “Then the Lord will come forth and fight with those nations.”

(Lev. 22:28:) IN THE CASE OF AN ANIMAL FROM THE HERD OR THE FLOCK, YOU SHALL NOT SLAUGHTER IT AND ITS OFFSPRING ON THE SAME DAY.⁷⁵Although the nouns here are masculine singular and would normally read: IN THE CASE OF A BULL OR A SHEEP, Rashi understands the verse as only prohibiting the slaughter of a female beast and its offspring on the same day. Others like Ibn Ezra understand the prohibition in the verse as referring to both sexes. For a discussion of the two interpretations, see Hul. 78b-80a. This text is related (to Prov. 12:10): A RIGHTEOUS ONE REGARDS THE LIFE OF HIS CATTLE….⁷⁶Tanh., Lev. 8:13; Lev. R. 27:11: PRK 9:11. This refers to the Holy One, who said (in Deut. 22:6 with reference to birds): YOU SHALL NOT TAKE THE MOTHER WITH THE YOUNG.⁷⁷Cf. Tos. Meg. 25a. (Prov. 12:10, cont.:) BUT THE COMPASSION OF THE WICKED IS CRUEL. This refers to Sennacherib, of whom it is written (in Hos. 10:14): THE MOTHER WAS DASHED TO PIECES WITH THE CHILDREN.

[Another interpretation] (of Prov. 12:10): A RIGHTEOUS ONE REGARDS < THE LIFE OF HIS CATTLE >. This refers to the Holy One, who said (in Lev. 22:28): IN THE CASE OF AN ANIMAL FROM THE HERD OR THE FLOCK, < YOU SHALL NOT SLAUGHTER > IT AND ITS OFFSPRING…. (Prov. 12:10, cont.:) BUT THE COMPASSION OF THE WICKED IS CRUEL. This refers to Haman, of whom it is written (in Esth. 3:13): TO DESTROY AND TO ANNIHILATE < ALL THE JEWS >… < ON A SINGLE DAY >. R. Levi said: Woe to the wicked, because they devise secret plans against Israel.⁷⁸M. Ps. 2:4. Each and every one says: My plan is better than your plan. Esau said: Cain was stupid to kill [his brother] Abel during his father's lifetime.⁷⁹Cf. Gen. R. 75:9. Did he not know that his father would be fruitful and multiply? I am not acting like that. Instead < he said > (in Gen. 27:41): PLEASE⁸⁰Na. The word is added to the Masoretic Text. LET THE DAYS OF MOURNING FOR MY FATHER COME; [THEN I WILL KILL MY BROTHER JACOB]. Pharaoh said: Esau was stupid to say: LET THE DAYS OF MOURNING [FOR MY FATHER] COME. Did he not know that his brother would be fruitful and multiply during his father's lifetime? I will not act like that. Instead, while they are tiny under their mothers' birthstool, I will strangle them. Thus it is written (in Exod. 1:22): EVERY SON BORN YOU SHALL THROW INTO THE NILE … Haman said: Pharaoh was stupid to say: EVERY SON BORN < YOU SHALL THROW INTO THE NILE >, [BUT EVERY DAUGHTER YOU SHALL KEEP ALIVE]. Did he not know that, when the daughters are married to men, they are fruitful and multiply through them. I will not act like that. Instead, < I will act > (in Esth. 3:13): TO DESTROY AND TO ANNIHILATE [ALL THE JEWS, YOUNG AND OLD, CHILDREN AND WOMEN, ON A SINGLE DAY]. R. Levi said: Gog [and Magog] as well are going to say the same: The former ones were stupid because they devised secret plans against Israel. Did they not know that they have a patron⁸¹Lat.: patronus. in the heavens? I will not act like that. First I will join in battle with their patron, and after that I will join in battle with them. Thus it is written (in Ps. 2:2): THE KINGS OF THE EARTH TAKE THEIR STAND, AND THE RULERS TAKE COUNSEL TOGETHER AGAINST THE LORD AND AGAINST HIS ANOINTED. The Holy One said to him: O wicked one, have you come to me to join in battle?⁸²Rt.: ZWG. The root more commonly refers to joining in wedlock as does the Greek verb, zeugnunai. By your life I will wage war with you, as stated (in Is. 42:13): THE LORD SHALL GO FORTH LIKE A WARRIOR…. It also says (in Zech. 14:3): THEN THE LORD WILL COME FORTH AND FIGHT WITH THOSE NATIONS AS WHEN HE FIGHTS IN THE DAY OF BATTLE.

"and you will eat and be sated": It is a good sign for a man when his beast eats and is stated, viz. (Proverbs 12:10) "The righteous one knows the spirit of his beast."