에스겔 20:39의 인용 해설

his owner Heb. קֹנֵהוּ [is] like מְתַקְּנוֹ, the one who affixes him to the plowshare for plowing by day, and since he has accustomed him to this, he knows him. The dull donkey, however, does not recognize his master until he feeds him. Israel was not intelligent like the ox, to know, when I called him and said, “Israel will be your name” (Gen. 35:10), and I informed them of several of My statutes, yet they deserted Me, as is related in Ezekiel (20:39): “Let each one go and worship his idols.” Even after I took them out of Egypt and fed them the manna and called them, “My people, the children of Israel,” they did not consider even as a donkey. Another explanation is: An ox knows its owner An ox recognizes his owner so that his fear is upon him. He did not deviate from what I decreed upon him, by saying, I will not plow today. Neither did a donkey say to his owner, I will not bear burdens today. Now, these [creatures,] who were created to serve you, and are not destined to receive reward if they merit, or to be punished if they sin, did not change their manner, which I decreed upon them. Israel, however, who, if they merit receive reward, and if they sin are punished.

Rabbi Yochanan ben Beroka says: Anyone who desecrates the Name of Heaven secretly, they punish him publicly: [Of course,] the desecration of the Name that is mentioned in the Talmud is public (by definition). And according to the importance of a man can there be a desecration for a small thing, as was said (by Rav Nachman in Tractate Chullin) (Yoma 86a), "How is desecration of the Name? (Rav said,) 'For example, [if] I took meat from the butcher and did not give him money immediately.'" Hence the sages and men of repute (need) to watch their deeds more than other people. And every man is according to his standing. 'And anyone who wants to take the name (and consider himself important in this regard), let him come and take [it].' And they said in Tractate Sanhedrin 74a that even for tying a shoelace (in the way of the gentiles), he should let himself be killed and not transgress. This is not by way of obligation, yet one should let himself be killed for this - as he is doing a commandment that sanctifies God, may He be blessed, and [so] 'he acquires his [share in the] world [to come] in an instant. But in three things everyone is obligated to let himself be killed for them; and if he transgresses and does not allow himself to be killed, it is a major sin [in itself] like idolatry, murder and sexual immorality. And the punishment for public desecration of the Name is greater than those three, as it is stated (Ezekiel 20:39), "As for you, House of Israel, thus said the Lord God, 'Go, every one of you, and worship his idols and continue, if you will not obey Me; but do not desecrate My holy name any more with your idols and your gifts.'" Behold, it is elucidated for you that He was more (in remembrance of) [exacting about] that which they were worshiping idols because they were desecrating His holy Name publicly than [because] of the idolatry itself. And [hence] that which we learned, "Anyone who desecrates the Name of Heaven secretly," is speaking about things that are a desecration of the Name in of themselves, like idolatry - as he is affirming [the idol's] divinity. And so too, the one who swears falsely with the Name of the Holy One, blessed be He - which is deceiving the minds of the creatures - is a desecration - as it is stated (Leviticus 19:12), "You shall not swear falsely by My Name, desecrating the Name of your God; I am the Lord."

and he brings a proof of this from the time of the ingathering that Israel will be wandering in the desert of the nations that it says "I led them from nation to nation, kingdom to kingdom" and despite this all they weren't able, rather the sinners and rebellious among them died ndd the rest of the nation merited redeption. This explains pasuk 9 "behold I am commanding and the house of Israel will be shaken among the nations..." Just like in a sieve, the grain is scattered and moves from side to side without rest, so too you will wander. But despite all this you won't be completely destroyed, which is the meaning of the "pebble will not fall to the ground". The commentaries explain that the pebble is the righteous men and the dust that falls out is the wicked ones. And Rashi writes that the pasuk says that not a pebble will fall from the orce of the movement. But to me it seems that the meaning is that the word "tzarur" (which the commentaries translate as pebble meaning tzadik) is from the meaning of the word to "bind" and gather like the word is used in Deutoronomy 14:25 and Exodus 12:36 and like the word "tzur" from the same root means a siege because the enemy "gathers" around the city. So here it alludes to the ingathering of Israel, because the prophet said "only I will not utterly destroy the house of Israel" meaning that when a small item is in a sieve but it is attached to other items, it will not fall and be lost. The next pasuk (Amos 9:10) but the wicked will die because of the same movement and upheaval. Each man will die from his sin. And this is the meaning of "by the sword, will perish the sins of my nation". The wicked gave up hope from the troubles and said that the bad wasnt coming in an accerlated and "supernatural" way and was rather a happenstance but not as a result of our wayward deeds. This is all speaking about the birth pangs of the Messiah and the ingathering of exiles. Which is in line with the navi Ezekiel 20: 39 that the sinners will be cleansed from you and also similar to the Abarbenel commentary on Hosea.