출애굽기 23:16의 탈무드

HALAKHAH: From where years¹⁵⁸That the Pentateuch counts years from the Fall equinox.? One verse says¹⁵⁹Ex. 23:16., the festival of gathering at the end of the year, and another verse says¹⁶⁰Ex. 34.22., the festival of gathering at the turn of the year. Which month contains a festival, and a turning point, and the year starts from it? Which one is this? It is Tishre. If you would say Ṭevet, there is a turning point¹⁶¹The winter solstice. but neither festival nor gathering. If you would say Nisan, there is a turning point¹⁶²The spring equinox. and a festival, but no gathering. If you would say Tamuz, there is a turning¹⁶³The summer solstice. point and gathering but no festival. So which one is this? It is Tishre. The colleagues said before Rebbi Jonah: should it not be Tamuz? He told them, it is written, in the seventh month¹⁶⁴Num. 28:24., and your are saying so? They said to him, should it not be Tamuz¹⁶⁵Maybe the month of the fall equinox should be called “Tamuz”.? He said to them, from here on you are quarrelling with me about names of months? As Rebbi Ḥanina said, the names of the months ascended with them from Babylonia. Originally, in the month of Ethanim¹⁶⁶1K. 8:2., in which the Patriarchs were born, and the Patriarchs died, and the Mothers were remembered¹⁶⁷One cannot say that Sarah and Rebecca became pregnant in Tishre, this would contradict the statement that Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were born in Tishre. So one has to say that in that month the Divine decree was passed that the mothers should become pregnant. The language is taken from Gen. 21:1. Babli Berakhot29a.. Originally, in the month of Bul¹⁶⁸1K. 6:37., where the leaves are falling, and the earth is made into lumps; where one mixes for domestic animals in the house¹⁶⁹Because in November there is little food to be found in the fields.. Originally, in the month of Ziw¹⁷⁰1K. 6:2, misquoted., which is the splendor of the world, when plants are recognized and trees recognized¹⁷¹In Nisan the growth on newly sown fields is recognizable and fruit trees are blossoming.. From then onwards¹⁷²After the Babylonian exile., it was in the month of Nisan of year twenty¹⁷³Neh. 2:1.; it was in the month of Kislew of year twenty¹⁷⁴Neh. 1:1.; in the tenth month, this is the month of Ṭevet¹⁷⁵Esth.2:16.. Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish said, also the names of angels were in their hands from Babylonia. Originally, there flew to me one of the Seraphim¹⁷⁶Is. 6:6.; Seraphim standing over Him¹⁷⁷Is. 6:2.. From then on, but the man Gabriel¹⁷⁸Dan. 9:21.; but your lord Michael¹⁷⁹Dan. 10:21..

MISHNAH: One does not bring First Fruits except from the Seven Kinds³⁸The fruits enumerated in Deut. 8:8; cf. Berakhot 6, Notes 15, 151., nor from mountain dates, nor from valley fruits³⁹Grapes, figs, pomegranates and olives. These grow better in the hills; dates grow best in the Jordan valley. The requirement of “best quality” applies to all First Fruits., nor from oil olives which are not best quality. One may not bring First Fruits before Pentecost. ⁴⁰The remainder of the Mishnah is also Mishnah Ḥallah 4:11; Notes 172,173. The people from Hyena Mountain brought their First Fruits before Pentecost but they did not accept from them because of the verse in the Torah: (Ex. 23:16) “The pilgrimage holiday of harvest, the First Fruits of your work from sowing the field.”

¹⁴⁴This paragraph is copied from Megillah 1:3, Notes 134–140. One verse says, the harvest festival, the first fruits of your work¹⁴⁵Ex. 23:16.. Another verse says, any productive work you shall not do¹⁴⁶Lev. 23:21.. Rebbi Ḥanania said, how could both verses be sustained? If it falls on a weekday you bring the festival offering and refrain from work. If it falls on the Sabbath, the following day you bring the festival offering and harvest. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Bun said, only ears for her dough. As what was stated, “therefore anybody who has an obligation for wood and first fruits. He who says, I am taking upon me {to bring} wood for the altar and logs for the arrangement on that day is forbidden funeral orations, and fasts, and working.”

MISHNAH: Nittai from Tekoa brought ḥallot from Baithur¹⁷²This place has not been convincingly identified. Possibly it is the place of origin of the family Ben Bathyra, the leading rabbinical authorities in the region of Nisibis on the upper Tigris during the centuries of the Mishnaic period. but they did not accept from him¹⁷³Since it is impure by coming from outside the Land, the rabbinic authorities of the day forbade any Cohen to accept it.. The people of Alexandria brought their ḥallot from Alexandria but they did not accept from them¹⁷⁴Probably near the place צבעים (Neh. 11:34, 1S. 13:18), West of Jerusalem.. The people from Hyena Mountain¹⁷⁵Pentecost. brought their First Fruits before Pentecost but they did not accept from them because of the verse in the Torah: (Ex. 23:16) “The pilgrimage holiday of harvest¹⁷⁶In the quote Babli Temura 21a Ben Antigonos (Venice print), Ben Eutitas (Responsa R. Salomon ben Adrat vol. 1, #331)., the First Fruits of your work from sowing the field.”
Ben-Atitas¹⁷⁶In the quote Babli Temura 21a Ben Antigonos (Venice print), Ben Eutitas (Responsa R. Salomon ben Adrat vol. 1, #331). brought firstlings from Babylonia and they did not accept them¹⁷⁷In the Temple, since firstlings can only be brought from places from which heave and tithes are obligatory [Sifry on Deut. 14:23 (#106); Babli Bekhorot 53a].. Joseph the Cohen¹⁷⁸A Tanna of the Temple period, mentioned in Mishnah Miqwa’ot 10:1 and several baraitot in the Babli. brought his First Fruits as wine and oil and they did not accept them. He also brought his children and members of his household¹⁷⁹Women, slaves, and minor children who are exempt from bringing the Pesaḥ sacrifice on the 14th of Iyar if they were unable to bring it on the 14th of Nisan, since it is a positive obligation due at a fixed time. It seems that Joseph the Cohen was sufficiently known for the Temple authorities to be afraid that his example would be imitated and in the end create a baseless obligation. to make the second Passover in Jerusalem but they turned him back so as not to create a precedent for the future. Ariston brought his First Fruits from Apamea and they accepted them for they said, he who buys in Syria is like him who buys in the suburbs of Jerusalem¹⁸⁰Cf. Mishnah Demay 6:11..