요나 3:10의 탈무드

MISHNAH: How is the order of the fast days? One removes the Ark¹This statement confirms that in Mishnaic times the Ark containing the Torah scrolls was a movable chest, not part of the synagogue building. This is confirmed by the archeological evidence that in early Galilean synagogues the entrance was in the South. For prayers the Ark was moved from the storage room to the entrance; the reader stood before the Ark, and everybody was praying in the direction of Jerusalem, facing the Ark. In Amoraic times the Ark became part of the building in the South wall and the entrance was moved to the North. to the town plaza²The town square accommodating a maximum number of people. and gives burnt ashes³The Mishnah explicitly excludes dust which is not ash. on top of the Ark, and on the head of the Patriarch, and on the the head of the presiding judge; also each individual takes and puts on his head. The Elder among them gives an exhortatory sermon: Our brothers, it is not said about the people of Nineveh, God saw their sackcloth and their fasting, but God saw their deeds that they repented their evil ways⁴Jonah3:10., and what does it say in prophecy? And tear your hearts and not your clothes, and return to the Eternal, your God⁵Joel2:13..