민수기 31:55의 탈무드

Be deliberate in judgment. How so? This teaches that a person should carefully deliberate in judgment, for all who are careful in judgment will feel settled about their judgment, as it says (Proverbs 25:1), "These, too, are the proverbs of Solomon, which the men of King Hezekiah of Judah copied." This does not mean they merely copied them, but that they deliberated over them. Abba Shaul says: They did not merely deliberate carefully over them, but explained them. Originally, they would say: Proverbs, and Song of Songs, and Ecclesiastes had to be hidden, for people would recite proverbs that were at odds with Scripture. So they decided to hide them, until the Men of the Great Assembly came along and explained them, as it says (Proverbs 7:7–20), “I saw among the simple, and noticed among the children, a youth with no sense…and behold a woman came up to him, dressed like a prostitute, with a guarded heart. She is restless and rebellious. Her legs are never at home. Sometimes she is outside, sometimes in the streets; she lurks on every corner. She grabs him, and kisses him, and boldly says to him: I made well-being sacrifices; today I fulfilled my vows. That is why I came up to you, seeking you, and have found you. I have draped my couch with covers of dyed Egyptian cloth. I have scented my bed with myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon. Let us go and fill ourselves with love until the morning. Let us indulge in loving. For the man of the house is out, he has gone on the road, far away. He took a bundle of money with him, and will not come back home until the full moon." And in Song of Songs (7:12–13) it is written, "Let us go, my beloved, out into field. Let us spend the night in the villages. We will wake up in the vineyards, and see if the vines have flowered, if its blossoms have opened, and if the pomegranates are in bloom. There I will give my love to you." And in Ecclesiastes (11:9) it is written, "Young man, enjoy your childhood! Let your heart feel good while you are still young! Follow the ways of your heart and the visions of your eyes. But know that for all these things, God will bring you to judgment." And it is written in Song of Songs (7:11), "I am my beloved's, and his desire is upon me." They did not merely deliberate over them, but explained them!
Another interpretation: Be deliberate in judgment. How so? This teaches that a person should carefully consider his words, and not be severe with his words, for one who is severe with his words forgets his words. For so we find with Moses our teacher, that when he was severe with his words he forgot his words. Where do we find that Moses our teacher forgot his words? For it says (Numbers 31:21), "Elazar the priest said to the troops who had come in from the war: This is the decree of the Torah that God has commanded Moses." He commanded Moses, and did not command me? (He commanded Moses, my father's brother, and did not command me?) And where do we find that Moses was severe with his words? For it says with regard to the commanders of the army that (Numbers 31:14), "Moses became angry with the commanders of the army…and he said to them: You have let all the women live!" If so, then what do we learn from the phrase, "all the women"? Rather, this is a reference to the advice that Bil’am the wicked gave regarding Israel, as it is written (Numbers 24:14), “And now, as I go back to my people, and I will advise you as to what this people will do to your people at the end of days.” He said to [King Balak]: This people that you hate, they are hungry for food and thirsty for drink, but they have nothing to eat or drink but manna alone. Go and set up tents, and put food and drink in them, and then place beautiful women inside – the daughters of kings – so that this people will be seduced into worshiping Ba’al Peor, and will fall into the hand of God. Immediately, Balak went and did everything Bil’am the wicked told him. And see what Bil’am the wicked caused to happen to Israel, for twenty-four thousand of them fell, as it says (Numbers 25:9), “And those that died in the plague were twenty-four thousand.” And if Moses our teacher, the greatest of all sages and the father of the prophets, forgot his own words when he became severe with his words, would it not be all the more so with us? This teaches that a person should always consider his words carefully, and not be severe with his words. Ben Azzai said: Be careful with your words, and do not use them wastefully.

Be deliberate in judgment. How so? This teaches that a person should carefully deliberate in judgment, for all who are careful in judgment will feel settled about their judgment, as it says (Proverbs 25:1), "These, too, are the proverbs of Solomon, which the men of King Hezekiah of Judah copied." This does not mean they merely copied them, but that they deliberated over them. Abba Shaul says: They did not merely deliberate carefully over them, but explained them. Originally, they would say: Proverbs, and Song of Songs, and Ecclesiastes had to be hidden, for people would recite proverbs that were at odds with Scripture. So they decided to hide them, until the Men of the Great Assembly came along and explained them, as it says (Proverbs 7:7–20), “I saw among the simple, and noticed among the children, a youth with no sense…and behold a woman came up to him, dressed like a prostitute, with a guarded heart. She is restless and rebellious. Her legs are never at home. Sometimes she is outside, sometimes in the streets; she lurks on every corner. She grabs him, and kisses him, and boldly says to him: I made well-being sacrifices; today I fulfilled my vows. That is why I came up to you, seeking you, and have found you. I have draped my couch with covers of dyed Egyptian cloth. I have scented my bed with myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon. Let us go and fill ourselves with love until the morning. Let us indulge in loving. For the man of the house is out, he has gone on the road, far away. He took a bundle of money with him, and will not come back home until the full moon." And in Song of Songs (7:12–13) it is written, "Let us go, my beloved, out into field. Let us spend the night in the villages. We will wake up in the vineyards, and see if the vines have flowered, if its blossoms have opened, and if the pomegranates are in bloom. There I will give my love to you." And in Ecclesiastes (11:9) it is written, "Young man, enjoy your childhood! Let your heart feel good while you are still young! Follow the ways of your heart and the visions of your eyes. But know that for all these things, God will bring you to judgment." And it is written in Song of Songs (7:11), "I am my beloved's, and his desire is upon me." They did not merely deliberate over them, but explained them!
Another interpretation: Be deliberate in judgment. How so? This teaches that a person should carefully consider his words, and not be severe with his words, for one who is severe with his words forgets his words. For so we find with Moses our teacher, that when he was severe with his words he forgot his words. Where do we find that Moses our teacher forgot his words? For it says (Numbers 31:21), "Elazar the priest said to the troops who had come in from the war: This is the decree of the Torah that God has commanded Moses." He commanded Moses, and did not command me? (He commanded Moses, my father's brother, and did not command me?) And where do we find that Moses was severe with his words? For it says with regard to the commanders of the army that (Numbers 31:14), "Moses became angry with the commanders of the army…and he said to them: You have let all the women live!" If so, then what do we learn from the phrase, "all the women"? Rather, this is a reference to the advice that Bil’am the wicked gave regarding Israel, as it is written (Numbers 24:14), “And now, as I go back to my people, and I will advise you as to what this people will do to your people at the end of days.” He said to [King Balak]: This people that you hate, they are hungry for food and thirsty for drink, but they have nothing to eat or drink but manna alone. Go and set up tents, and put food and drink in them, and then place beautiful women inside – the daughters of kings – so that this people will be seduced into worshiping Ba’al Peor, and will fall into the hand of God. Immediately, Balak went and did everything Bil’am the wicked told him. And see what Bil’am the wicked caused to happen to Israel, for twenty-four thousand of them fell, as it says (Numbers 25:9), “And those that died in the plague were twenty-four thousand.” And if Moses our teacher, the greatest of all sages and the father of the prophets, forgot his own words when he became severe with his words, would it not be all the more so with us? This teaches that a person should always consider his words carefully, and not be severe with his words. Ben Azzai said: Be careful with your words, and do not use them wastefully.

BARAITHA.³⁶K 7. Behold Scripture declares, And we have brought the Lord’s offering … armlets and bracelets, signet rings, ear-rings and girdles to make atonement for our souls before the Lord. ’Eẓadah [armlets] means a garter; ẓamid [bracelets] silk cloaks; ‘agil [ear-rings] a cast of the female breasts and kumaz [girdles] a cast of the womb. For what purpose [are the words added], to make atonement for our souls before the Lord? Moses said, ‘Perhaps you have returned to your former sinful lapse’. They replied to him, ‘There lacketh not one man of us’. ‘If so’, he retorted, ‘why this atonement?’ They answered, ‘We have escaped sin but we have not escaped sinful thoughts’. Hence the Rabbis declared: Whoever touches a woman’s little finger is as though he touched ‘that place’.
GEMARA. When [the Israelites] came to him,³⁷During the war against Midian. Moses said to them, Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him.³⁸Num. 31, 17. How would they know [the latter]? Rab said:³⁹Cf. Yeb. 60b (Sonc. ed., p. 403). They were made to pass in front of the ẓiẓ;⁴⁰The gold plate worn by the High Priest on his forehead (Ex. 28, 36ff.). if she was a virgin her face did not turn pale, if not a virgin her face turned pale. Mar said: Dropsy is a sign of sin.⁴¹It may be the effect of a dissolute life.

He who pays money to a woman,¹⁸Cf. ‘Erub. 18b (Sonc. ed., p. 125). counting from his hand into her hand in order to gaze at her, even if he be like Moses our teacher who received the Torah from Mount Sinai, will not be exempt from the penalty of Gehinnom; as it is stated, Hand to hand, the evil man shall not be unpunished.¹⁹Prov. 11, 21, E.V. My hand upon it!
Behold Scripture declares, And we have brought the Lord’s offering, what every man hath gotten, of jewels of gold, armlets, and bracelets, signet-rings, ear-rings, and girdles, to make atonement for our souls before the Lord.²⁰Num. 31, 50. ‘Eẓadah (armlets) means a garter; ẓamid (bracelets) silk cloaks; ‘agil (ear-rings) a cast of the female breasts; kumaz (girdles) a cast of the womb. To make atonement for our souls: Moses said to Israel, ‘Perhaps you have returned to your former sinful lapse’.²¹Their association with the women of Midian; cf. Shab. 64a (Sonc. ed., p. 305). They replied to him, ‘There lacketh not one man of us’.²²ibid. 49. ‘If so,’ he retorted, ‘why this atonement?’ They replied, ‘We may have escaped sin, but we have not escaped sinful thoughts’. Why [did they offer] signet-rings? Because whoever gazes intentionally at a woman is as though he had intercourse with her. Hence the Rabbis declared: Whoever touches a woman’s little finger is as though he touched ‘that place’.²³The pudenda; cf. Ber. 24a (Sonc. ed., p. 145). So GRA emending the text according to the Talmudic version.

HALAKHAH: It is written (Ez. 45:13): “One sixth of an ephah from a ḥomer of wheat²²An ephah is one tenth of a ḥomer (Ez. 45:11), a sixth of an ephah is one sixtieth of a ḥomer. Verse 13 starts: “This is the heave you have to take.”, and you shall take sixths²³A verb formed from “six” whose meaning seems to be: taking parts of one-sixths. It is used in the Halakhah once in the meaning “take one sixth” and once as “take sixths”, i. e., “take two sixths;” cf. H. Guggenheimer, Seder Olam, (Northvale NJ, 1998), p. 6. from an ephah from a ḥomer of barley.” I could think he may give heave one thirtieth from wheat but one sixtieth from barley²⁴This is the reading of both mss.; R. Simson switches the places of “thirty” and “sixty”. This is required by the argument but it is not clear whether the change is based on a text or on emendation. If the verse speaks of “sixths” for barley, it would mean that the heave to be given is 2/60 = 1/30. The average of the heaves taken from wheat and barley is then 1/2(1/60+1/30) = 1/40.. The verse says (Ez. 44:30): “All heave,” that all heaves should be equal. Samuel says, add the sixth to the sixths, it turns out that he gives heave one in forty. “Average, one in fifty.” Rebbi Levi said, it is written (Num. 31:30): “From the half of the Children of Israel take one part in fifty.²⁵In the Tosephta (5:8), this is a statement of R. Yose (the Tanna); probably a Babylonian tradition.” All you take at another place shall be like this; just as this is one in fifty, so what you take at another place shall be like this. “And stingy, one in sixty,” as it is written: “And you shall take a sixth from an ephah from a ḥomer of barley²⁶Tosephta 5:8, where the entire verse from Ezechiel is quoted; the quote in the Yerushalmi misses a part, probably by scribal error in the Vorlage of both mss., induced by the two occurrences of חמר..”

Rebbi Ḥiyya in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: בִּירית is any single one, כְּבָלִים any ones connected by a chain¹⁵¹Cf. Notes 20,21.. (Rebbi)¹⁵²As the sequel shows one has to read “Rav”. G is lacunary at this place. Jehudah says, בִּירית is a step-chain, as Rav Jehudah said, we are offering a sacrifice to the Eternal, everybody what he found of gold items, אֶצְעָדָ֣ה וְצָמִ֔יד טַבַּעַ֭ת עָגִ֣יל וְכוּמָ֑ז, to atone for our persons before the Eterna1¹⁵³Num. 31:50.. אֶצְעָדָ֣ה is an anklet¹⁵⁴With G one has to read Greek ποδοψέλλιον τό “anklet”., צָמִ֔יד are bracelets, as you are saying, and the bracelets on her arms¹⁵⁵Gen. 27:47.. טַבַּעַ֭ת rings. עָגִ֣יל earrings, as you are saying, earrings on your ears¹⁵⁶Ez. 16:12.. וְכוּמָ֑ז some are saying this is the form of a womb, but some are saying the form of breasts¹⁵⁷Babli 64a. טפוס is Greek τύπος, ὁ, “carved figure, image”..

HALAKHAH: “Rebbi Eliezer ben Jacob says,” etc. There, we have stated⁸⁷Mishnah Qiddušin 4:6.: “Rebbi Jehudah said, the daughter of a male proselyte is like the daughter of a male desecrated one⁸⁸The child of a Cohen and a woman forbidden by the rules Lev. 21:7 (a prostitute or a divorcee) cannot be married by a Cohen. Desecration is not removable and is inherited by his descendants...” They all interpret the same verse (Ez. 44:22): “Only virgins⁸⁹Since a widow is forbidden only to the High Priest, the verse describes a woman who was a virgin from the seed of Israel. Since verses in sources other than the Torah cannot be prescriptive, one speaks here about rules the Cohanim accepted over and above the ones spelled out in the Torah. from the seed of the House of Israel.” Rebbi Jehudah says, unless his father be from Israel. Rebbi Eliezer⁹⁰Ben Jacob. says, either her father or her mother. Rebbi Yose says, unless they are born in the holiness of Israel⁹¹Born after the mother became Jewish.. Rebbi Simeon says, unless they grow the hymen⁹²It is generally accepted talmudic medical theory that a girl who was raped when she was less than three years of age will regrow her hymen. in the holiness of Israel. It was stated in the name of Rebbi Simeon⁹³Sifry Num. 157; Babli Yebamot60b, Qiddušin 76b, 78a.: “A girl which became a proselyte being less than three years and one day of age is acceptable for the priesthood since it was said (Num. 31:18): ‘All the female children unfit for sleeping with a male⁹⁴Being less than three years of age. you shall let live for yourselves,’ and Phineas was with them.” But the rabbis [say], you shall let live as slaves⁹⁵This word has slipped in as a routine expression. and slave girls for yourselves.

“Rebbi Eliezer ben Jacob says,” etc. There, we have stated: “Rebbi Eliezer ben Jacob says, the daughter of proselytes should not marry into the priesthood unless her mother be from Israel” They all interpret the same verse (Ez. 44:22): “Only virgins from the seed of the House of Israel.” Rebbi Jehudah says, unless his father be from Israel. Rebbi Eliezer ben Jacob says, either her father or her mother. Rebbi Yose says, unless they are born in the holiness of Israel. Rebbi Simeon says, unless they grow the hymen in the holiness of Israel. It was stated in the name of Rebbi Simeon: “A girl which became a proselyte being less than three years and one day of age is acceptable for the priesthood since it was said (Num. 31:18): ‘All the female children unfit for sleeping with a male you shall let live for yourselves,’ and Phineas was with them.” How do the rabbis explain? You shall let live as slaves and slave girls for yourselves.

What is the reason of the House of Shammai? You and your captives¹⁴⁴Num. 31:19, speaking of the captive Midianite women.. Since you could not be impure before you entered the covenant, also your captives cannot be impure before they enter the covenant¹⁴⁵While it seems from the text there that a Gentile corpse imparts impurity of the dead by touch, it is clear that a living Gentile cannot biblically be impure; the impurities attributed to Gentiles are of purely rabbinic character and must be disregarded in matters of conversions. Sifry Num. # 157 notes that mention of the captives in relation to impurity implies that these had to be converted.. What is the reason of the House of Hillel? You and your captives. Since you need sprinkling on the third and seventh {days}, so your captives need sprinkling on the third and seventh {days}. But it is not logically consistent¹⁴⁶There is no claim that the restrictive practice of the House of Hillel is biblical., since Rav Ḥiyya bar Joseph, Giddul bar Benjamin said in the name of Rav: The House of Hillel agree that if he transgressed and poured the blood, that it is accepted.