Комментарий к Дварим 22:22
כִּֽי־יִמָּצֵ֨א אִ֜ישׁ שֹׁכֵ֣ב ׀ עִם־אִשָּׁ֣ה בְעֻֽלַת־בַּ֗עַל וּמֵ֙תוּ֙ גַּם־שְׁנֵיהֶ֔ם הָאִ֛ישׁ הַשֹּׁכֵ֥ב עִם־הָאִשָּׁ֖ה וְהָאִשָּׁ֑ה וּבִֽעַרְתָּ֥ הָרָ֖ע מִיִּשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ (ס)
Если мужчину найдут лежащим с женщиной, состоящей в браке с мужем, то оба они умрут, мужчина, который лежит с женщиной, и женщина; и так истреби зло из Израиля.
Rashi on Deuteronomy
ומתו גם שניהם THEN THEY SHALL BOTH OF THEM DIE — The redundant words גם שניהם are intended to exclude a case of unnatural intercourse from which the woman derives no gratification (Sifrei Devarim 242:4; Sanhedrin 66b).
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Ramban on Deuteronomy
THEN THEY SHALL ‘GAM’ (ALSO) ‘SHNEIHEM’ (BOTH OF THEM) DIE. “This excludes unnatural gratification from which the woman derives no satisfaction. Gam (also) — this is intended to include in the death-penalty those who come after them” [as explained further on]. This is the language of Rabbeinu Shlomo [Rashi]. But I do not understand what this means. Is this the case of a virgin that we must exclude or include those who come after them [to commit adultery with her? The verse here speaks of a married woman, therefore] what difference is there between the first [adulterer] and the second and third? Moreover, the text should have read “those who come after ‘him’” [instead of “after ‘them’ “]! And in our versions of the Sifre it is stated:213Sifre, Ki Theitzei 241. However, the text there is as Rashi has it. See Horovitz’s edition of Sifre, and his note there. “Both of them — this excludes unnatural gratification. Since the verse states ‘gam’ both of them it includes those who come from their backs,” meaning unnatural sexual intercourse [sodomy]. Scripture included it here, but all cases of adultery are deduced from this one.
In line with the simple meaning of Scripture the phrase ‘gam shneihem’ (also both of them) means “[not only] the man who is the more responsible for the sin because he demands it, he seduces her, and commits the act — but ‘gam’ (also) the woman.” Scripture itself mentions this, explaining the phrase also both of them — the man that lay with the woman, and the woman. Such is the customary manner of Scripture to ascribe the sin to the man, as I have explained in connection with the verse, he hath uncovered his brother’s nakedness; they shall be childless.214Leviticus 20:21. However in Ramban there it is not found. According to the Techeileth Mordechai, the text here should read: he hath uncovered his sister’s nakedness (ibid., Verse 17), the thought here alluded to by Ramban is developed there.
And some scholars215Ibn Ezra on Exodus 35:5. say that the phrase the man that lay with the woman, and the woman is but an additional explanation [of the pronoun — both of them], like let him bring it, the Eternal’s offering;216Exodus 35:5 (Vol. II, p. 598). [the kingdom which will not serve] him, Nebuchadnezzar.217Jeremiah 27:8. And in the Sifre it is stated:218Sifre, Ki Theitzei 241. “The man that lay with the woman — even if she was a minor; and the woman — even if she had intercourse with a minor.” If so, the meaning of also both of them is “also either one of them, the man or the woman who has reached the age to be culpable of punishment.”
In line with the simple meaning of Scripture the phrase ‘gam shneihem’ (also both of them) means “[not only] the man who is the more responsible for the sin because he demands it, he seduces her, and commits the act — but ‘gam’ (also) the woman.” Scripture itself mentions this, explaining the phrase also both of them — the man that lay with the woman, and the woman. Such is the customary manner of Scripture to ascribe the sin to the man, as I have explained in connection with the verse, he hath uncovered his brother’s nakedness; they shall be childless.214Leviticus 20:21. However in Ramban there it is not found. According to the Techeileth Mordechai, the text here should read: he hath uncovered his sister’s nakedness (ibid., Verse 17), the thought here alluded to by Ramban is developed there.
And some scholars215Ibn Ezra on Exodus 35:5. say that the phrase the man that lay with the woman, and the woman is but an additional explanation [of the pronoun — both of them], like let him bring it, the Eternal’s offering;216Exodus 35:5 (Vol. II, p. 598). [the kingdom which will not serve] him, Nebuchadnezzar.217Jeremiah 27:8. And in the Sifre it is stated:218Sifre, Ki Theitzei 241. “The man that lay with the woman — even if she was a minor; and the woman — even if she had intercourse with a minor.” If so, the meaning of also both of them is “also either one of them, the man or the woman who has reached the age to be culpable of punishment.”
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Tur HaArokh
ומתו גם שניהם, and they will both die. Rashi explains that the apparently superfluous word גם, “also,” refers to unborn children that these people could have looked forward to having had they remained alive.
Nachmanides writes that he does not understand Rashi’s comment [As his comments appear to be based on an erroneous text in a Rashi manuscript, and resolving it is lengthy, I’ll skip this. Ed.]
According to the plain meaning of the text, the word גם is not superfluous, but it refers to two separate instances of grossly sinful behaviour, 1) the slanderer in verses 14-20 as well as 2) the seducer in our verse here. According to Sifri the additional dimension derived here is based on the superfluous words האיש השוכב and והאשה, indicating that sometimes only one of the participating parties are executed, such as when one of the parties was a minor. Even though the minor may have been the one that initiated the sin, only the adult pays the penalty.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
ומתו גם שניהם האיש השוכב עם אשה , “they shall both die, the man who sleeps with a woman.” if the woman was a married woman at the time. The word והאשה “and the woman,” which appears superfluous seeing the Torah wrote that “both are to die; is to tell us that the man is considered more guilty than the woman. If she had been considered equally guilty, the Torah should have added the word הנשכבת, “who had been slept with.” This is the opinion of Nachmanides.
Our sages in Kidushin 10 understand the words ומתו גם שניהם to mean that both man and woman are equally guilty, i.e. both are adults. If the woman was a minor, she is not to be executed. In Erchin 7 these words are interpreted as referring to any fetus inside the woman. If a woman is pregnant and her labour pains have commenced before she has been sentenced, the court waits until after she has given birth before carrying out the sentence. If she had not reached that stage in her pregnancy her status does not result in a delay of her execution. [The reason is that once the baby (fetus) showed signs of wanting to move out of its mother it is considered a separate body.]
Our sages in Kidushin 10 understand the words ומתו גם שניהם to mean that both man and woman are equally guilty, i.e. both are adults. If the woman was a minor, she is not to be executed. In Erchin 7 these words are interpreted as referring to any fetus inside the woman. If a woman is pregnant and her labour pains have commenced before she has been sentenced, the court waits until after she has given birth before carrying out the sentence. If she had not reached that stage in her pregnancy her status does not result in a delay of her execution. [The reason is that once the baby (fetus) showed signs of wanting to move out of its mother it is considered a separate body.]
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Siftei Chakhamim
This excludes lascivious activity etc. I.e. if he had intercourse with the woman in a body part [of the body] other than “that place.” For the woman does not derive pleasure, only the man. [In such an instance] they are both exempt because Scripture writes “both of them” which implies that they both derived equal pleasure. Even though [in a case] where he had sodomized her, and the woman does not derive pleasure, they are both liable. That case is different because it is specially included from the words (Vayikra 18:22) “משכבי אשה (lit. the ways of having intercourse with a woman).”
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Or HaChaim on Deuteronomy
כי ימצא איש שוכב עם אשה בעלת בעל, "If a man be found having intercourse with a woman married to someone else, etc." This verse is best understood with reference to Sanhedrin 59 that if a Gentile engages in Torah study he is guilty of the death penalty. The Torah is already betrothed to her husband the Israelite, she is his bride. ומתו גם שניהם, "Both of them shall die etc." both the Gentile studying the Torah and the "Torah" itself. This means that such "Torah" instead of spreading its spiritual light will darken the horizon of the Gentile who studies it. It will not be perceived as possessing life-giving powers as when it is studied by an Israelite. Torah, which according to Proverbs 4,22 is a source of life to those who encounter it, will not prove to be a source of life to pagans who study it but the reverse.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
VV. 22 — 27. כי ימצא וגו׳. Die hier folgenden Gesetze besprechen das Problem bewussten Ehebruchs, dieses Verbrechens gegen die Fundamentalinstitution aller Menschengesittung und Gesellschaft, und zwar nach den bereits oben angedeuteten Momenten, der vollendeten Ehe נשואין nach vorgängigen קידושין (V. 22), und der erst vollzogenen Antrauung: קידושין) אירוסין — Verse 23 - 27), die ja die geistig sittliche Basis des ganzen ehelichen Verhältnisses bildet. Wir haben schon oben bemerkt, wie das Gesetz das Verbrechen gegen אירוסין (bei גערה בתולה) mit der schwersten Strafe, סקילה, trifft und damit eben das geistig sittliche, vom physischen Momente unbeeinflusste Fundament der jüdischen Ehe bedeutungsvoll hervortreten lässt.
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Daat Zkenim on Deuteronomy
ומתו גם שניהם, “and they are both to die as a result.” Rashi comments that the apparently extraneous word גם also, means that also the offspring of such a forbidden union is to die. He adds that if a man had cohabited with the woman in question after she had been condemned to die by the court that man is subject to the same penalty. The Torah had to add this as we might have thought that as soon as the woman had been convicted she was legally already considered as no longer alive.
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Chizkuni
ומתו גם שניהם, “they will both have to die;” Rashi explains the unusual wording, i.e. not “they will both be executed,” by saying that this includes the descendents of this pair of sinners. We are not to assume that as soon as these people have been convicted, even though not yet executed, any unborn children will not be affected by their deeds, since their parents had already been considered legally dead. What these people had done does not come under the heading of “if the parents sinned why should the children be punished for this? The word גם, “also,” in our verse is the Torah’s hint that this situation is different from other situations in which parents are both guilty of a serious sin violating the laws of chastity. An alternate approach to our verse: the word גם does indeed refer to the descendants of this pair of adulterers. Even if the willing female partner is a minor, she will also be subject to the penalty of having committed adultery. The same is true for an adult married woman who committed adultery with a boy that had not yet reached puberty. This is though even though we had been told in verse 21 that the girl involved who by being described as נערה was not yet an adult was alone in being stoned to death, (seeing she shamed her father under whose roof she had indulged in such shameless conduct). Furthermore, we cannot punish the person with whom she lost her virginity as we do not know who he was. If the adulterer (male) was known and there is evidence against both, they will both be subject to death by strangulation. Another interpretation of the apparently superfluous word גם: even if the woman involved in this adultery is pregnant at the time, we do not wait with carrying out the death sentence until her baby is born. According to an interpretation in Ibn Ezra, the word גם is a hint that more laws concerning forbidden sexual unions will follow.
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Rashi on Deuteronomy
גם is intended to include those persons who commit adultery with one of this pair after them (i.e. after this pair had been found guilty) (Sifrei Devarim 242:5). Another explanation of גם שניהם is: these words are intended to include in the death penalty the embryo: that if the woman was pregnant the execution is not deferred until after she gives birth (cf. Targum Jonathan on; Arakhin 7a).
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Siftei Chakhamim
This adds those following them. There are varying texts here. In some commentaries it is written, “This adds those following them (אחריהם),” without a מ"ם at the beginning of the word. This means that if she and he were sentenced to death, even so, if he had intercourse with another woman, or if another man had intercourse with her, the secondary individuals too, are executed and we do not say that a person sentenced to death is already considered dead so that the secondary individuals are considered as if they had intercourse with corpses. Rather, these secondary individuals are also liable to the death penalty. And in some commentaries the text reads, “This adds those committing sodomy (מאחריהם, lit. from behind them),” with a מ"ם at the beginning of the word. This means from behind her, i.e. sodomy.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
ספרי) בעדים :כי ימצא), wie bereits Schmot zu Kap. 22, 3 bemerkt, ist das zur gerichtlichen Verhandlung führende "Finden" eines Vorgangs immer eine auf eigener Wahrnehmung beruhende Zeugenaussage, die bei Strafverbrechen auch die geschehene Verwarnung, התראה, konstatieren muss (vergl. Bamidbar 15, 32 u. 33). — ׳ומתו וגו, wie bereits zu Wajikra 20, 10 bemerkt, ist diese Todesstrafe חנק, wie כל מיתה האמורה בתורה סתם (siehe daselbst). — גם שניהם, bei allen Geschlechtsverbrechen ist die Strafbarkeit beider gleich, mit alleiniger Ausnahme von שפחה חרופה (siehe Wajikra 19, 20). — ׳האיש וגו: Fehlt der einen Seite die Oualifikation der Strafbarkeit, etwa wegen Unmündigkeit, Zwang, oder Irrtum, קטן oder שוגג ,אונם ,קטנה, so erliegt doch die andere der Strafe. Daher die Wiederholung: ספרי) האיש וגו׳ והאשה; Sanhedrin 66 b und Nidda 44 b u. 45 a).
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Siftei Chakhamim
Another interpretation: “Even both of them,” etc. Because according to the first interpretation you might ask that it is obvious he is liable if he had sodomized her, because it is written (ibid) משכבי אשה, which teaches that she has two משכבים (ways to “lie” with her), a normal way and through sodomy. So why do I need the word “also”? Therefore Rashi explains, “Another interpretation, etc.” And according to the other interpretation you might ask that it should have said, “They shall both die, the man who had intercourse with the woman [and] also (גם) the woman.” Therefore he gives the first interpretation.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
את הנערה על דבר וגו׳: צ׳׳ע מאחר דקי׳׳ל דאין מיתה בלא התראה ואפי׳ חבר צריך התראה וצריך לקבל עליו התראה ולהתיר עצמו למיתה (עי׳ סנהדרין מ׳ ב׳ ,מא׳ א׳) ואם כן מה בכך שלא צעקה אפי׳ שתקה אפי׳ הרכינה ראשה אינה נהרגת כל שלא התירה עצמה למיתה ואמרה על מנת כן אני עושה (שם פא ב׳) ולולא דמסתפינא הייתי אומר ודאי כל שהעובר עבירה עושה מעשה די כשעושה המעשה המכוער תוך כדי דבור לקבלתו ההתראה והתירו עצמו למיתה. אכן כשהעובר עבירה אינו עושה מעשה אלא סובל אחרים עושים בו מעשה הרי הוא כקרקע עולם אף שקיבל התראה והתיר עצמו למיתה צריך הוכחה בשעת מעשה שסובל מעשה אחרים ברצון דאי לא כן איכא למימר אף שקבל עליו ההתראה והתיר עצמו למיתה לולא נאנס לא היה עובר. ואם כן מיירי הכא ששניהם קבלו ההתראה והתירו עצמן למיתה והוא עשה את המעשה תוך כדי דבור ואעפ׳׳י כן אי צעקה כשבא לעשות מעשהו עצמו למיתה והוא עשה את המעשה תוך כדי דבור ואף על פי כן אי צעקה כשבא לעשות מעשהו אינה נהרגת וכיון שלא צעקה במקום שהיה לה לצעק מוכח שברצונה נעשה המעשה אכן בפסוק כ׳׳ה אדרבא נתברר על ידי עדים שהחזיק בה כלומר שנאנסה לבא עליה אחר שקבלו שניהם התראה הא דלא צעקא אז אינו מוכיח שנתרצית קדם המעשה מפני שהיה במקום שצעקתה לא הועילה לה ואם כן חיזקתה שבאנס נעשה המעשה ואף שקבלה ההתראה אינה נהרגת כד נראה לע׳׳ד.
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Siftei Chakhamim
Adds the fetus — if she was pregnant, etc. Regarding a similar matter Rashi explains in Erchin (7a), “Because it should [only] say ומתו (they shall die), and I would know that “they shall die” cannot mean less than two. (Nachalas Yaakov)
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
התראה :כלומר ,על עסקי דבור ,על דבר וגו׳ (Sanhedrin 41 a).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
אונס רחמנא פטריה ,ולנערה לא תעשה דבר: für eine unter zwingender Gewalt geübte Handlung macht das Gesetz nicht verantwortlich (B. K. 28 b. — Dieser Begriff von אונס hat auch in zivilrechtlichem Gebiete Folge. So hat z. B. eine infolge höheren Zwanges nicht erfüllte Bedingung nicht die Folge einer freiwilligen Unterlassung. Jedoch ist dabei zu unterscheiden, z. B. אונסא דשכיח, oder wie es Nedarim 27 b heißt אונסא דמיגליא, eine nicht ungewöhnliche, vorauszusehende Verhinderung, die dem Kontrahierenden im Momente der Bedingungfeststellung hätte gegenwärtig sein können — siehe daselbst und Ketubot 2, 3).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
אין לנערה חטא מות, nicht nur אין מות לנערה, sondern אין לנערה חטא מות: אונס wird nicht als חטא behandelt und hat keine gesetzliche Folge, auch nicht (ספרי) קרבן חטאת.
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
כי כאשר וגו׳ ,כן הדבר הזה, als Motiv des vorhergehenden אין לנערה חטא מות dürfte sich dieser Satz zunächst dahin aussprechen: wie niemand für das Verbrechen des Mordes verantwortlich ist, den jemand gewaltsam an ihm begeht (mit seiner Zustimmung oder auch nur Zulassung fiele es dem Begriffe des Selbstmordes anheim), so ist auch keiner für das Verbrechen des Ehebruchs und der ihm gleichen Verbrechen der Unzucht verantwortlich, die jemand gewaltsam mit ihm begeht. Sofort ist aber damit Unzucht und Mord hinsichtlich der Verantwortlichkeit vor Gott gleichgestellt und, wenn es selbstverständlich ist, dass niemand sein Leben durch den Mord eines ihn nicht Bedrohenden retten darf, da dessen Leben mindestens dem seinigen gleich wiegt und er nicht Leben mit Leben erkaufen darf, nach dem Ausdrucke der Weisen: מאי חזית דדמא דידך סומק טפי דילמא דמא דחברך סומק טפי, "wer sagt dir, dass dein Blut das rötere ist!", so folgt aus dieser Gleichstellung des Verbrechens der Unzucht mit Mord hinsichtlich der Verantwortlichkeit, dass ebenso auch niemand sein Leben durch Begehung eines Verbrechens der Unzucht retten darf, dass vielmehr für Unzucht wie für Mord, ebenso wie dies bereits für ע׳׳ז (Kap. 6, 5 אפי׳ נוטל את נפשך) ausgesprochen ist, der Grundsatz gilt: יהרג ואל יעבר man darf sich das Leben nicht durch eines dieser Verbrechen erhalten. Daher auch die Norm: בכל מתרפאין חוץ מע׳׳ו וגילוי עריות ושפיכות דמים, mit allem darf man Heilung suchen, außer mit Übertretungen der Gesetze über Götzentum, Unkeuschheit und Mord (Peßachim 25 a; — vergl. Wajikra 18, 5).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Gleichzeitig ist aber auch diese Gleichstellung von dem נערה מאורסה-Verbrechen mit Mord für dieses letztere Verbrechen lehrreich. Von dem נערה מאורסה-Verbrechen setzt das Problem unseres Textes (V. 7) voraus אין מושיע לה, dass es vollzogen worden, "weil ihr kein Retter war". Damit ist gegeben: הא יש מושיע לה בכל דבר שיכול להושיע, dass, wenn jemand dagewesen wäre, er sie auf jegliche Weise zu retten verpflichtet gewesen wäre, selbst, wenn nicht anders möglich, mit dem Leben des Verbrechers, ניתן להצילה בנפשו. Dieselbe Norm gilt auch für das Verbrechen des Mordes, so dass, wenn auf andere Weise nicht möglich, selbst mit dem Tode des Mörders das Leben des von ihm Bedrohten durch jeden zu retten ist, הרודף אחר חברו להורגו מצילין אותו בנפשו (Sanhedrin 73 a).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Diese gegenseitige Erläuterung von נערה מאורסה durch רוצח und רוצח durch נערה מאורסה wird (daselbst a und 74 b) also ausgesprochen: רבי אומר כי כאשר יקום איש על רעהו ורצחו נפש כן הדבר הזה וכי מה למדנו מרוצח (der פטור für אונס bei נערה מאורסה ist ja ohnehin ausdrücklichst ausgesprochen ולנערה לא תעשה דבר, es kann daher dieser Hinweis auf רוצח nur eine allgemeine und zwar auch für רוצח rechtsgesetzliche Belehrung bezwecken):
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
מעתה הרי זה בא ללמד ונמצא למד (פירשי׳ אף למד) מקיש רוצח לנערה המאורסה מה נערה המאורסה ניתן להצילה בנפשו אף רוצח ניתן להצילו בנפשו ומקיש נערה המאורסה לרוצח מה רוצח יהרג ואל יעבר אף נערה המאורסה תהרג ואל תעבר. (גי׳ הילקוט: וכי מה למדנו מרוצח מעתה אלא הרי זה וכו׳ וא׳׳כ מעתה שייך למעלה וקשה להבין). (וצ׳׳ע על אותה המדה כיון שבא על כל פנים ללמד מנא לן דבא אף ללמוד ועוד למה מקדים הקיש המלמד ללמד להיקש למד למלמד שהוא עיקר הפשט, ואפשר הוא הנותן כיון היקש מלמד ללמד הוא החידוש חשיב אתיא מדרשא חביבא ליה מקדים ליה וצ׳׳ע (רשי׳ פסחים כ׳ה פירש שהוא כמו והיה בעם ככהן שניהם שוין ע׳׳ש עי׳ יומא פב א׳ תוספות ד׳׳ה מה רוצח)
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