Tosefta к Бамидбар 15:42

When the sages entered the vineyard at Yavneh, they said, “In the future there will be an hour when a person will search for a matter among the words of Torah and will not find it in, in the teachings of the scribes and will not find it. As it says, ‘Behold, days are coming, says the Lord. . . they will seek out the word of God and they will not find it’ (Amos 8:11-12). ‘The word of God,’ this is prophecy. ‘The word of God,’ this is [knowledge] of the eschaton. ‘The word of God,’ that one matter in the words of Torah is not similar to another.” They said, “Let us begin from Hillel and Shammai.” Shammai says, [dough made] from a qav [of flour] requires challah [to be taken]. Hillel says, from two qavs. But the Sages say, it is not according to this one or that one, rather [dough made] from a qav and a half requires challah [to be taken], as it says, “The first of your kneading” (Numbers 15:20). [Challah is taken] according to your kneading. And how much is “according to your kneading”? According to your kneading in the wilderness. And how much is “your kneading in the wilderness”? [An amount equal to] the omer [offering], as it says, “The omer is a tenth of an ephah” (Ex 16:36). The Sages measured seven fourths and a little more from that of the wilderness, which are five Tzipporit quarters and a Jerusalem qav and a half.

There is a stringency in erroneous rulings that there is not in capital cases, and [a stringency] in capital cases that there is not in erroneous rulings: [As to the former, a judge is not liable for] an erroneous ruling until all [the judges] issue the ruling as one (see Hor. 1:4), but in capital cases we follow the majority. [As to the latter, a judge is not liable for] an erroneous ruling unless the ruling is issued by the beit din presiding in the Chamber of Hewn Stone (i.e., the Sanhedrin), but in capital cases, [a judgment may be] issued in any place. An individual who issues (i.e., executes) an erroneous ruling by his own order, behold he is liable, as it is said (Num. 15:30), "But the person who acts high-handedly ... [shall be cut off from among his people]."