출애굽기 16:23의 주석
וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֲלֵהֶ֗ם ה֚וּא אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבֶּ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה שַׁבָּת֧וֹן שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ לַֽיהוָ֖ה מָחָ֑ר אֵ֣ת אֲשֶׁר־תֹּאפ֞וּ אֵפ֗וּ וְאֵ֤ת אֲשֶֽׁר־תְּבַשְּׁלוּ֙ בַּשֵּׁ֔לוּ וְאֵת֙ כָּל־הָ֣עֹדֵ֔ף הַנִּ֧יחוּ לָכֶ֛ם לְמִשְׁמֶ֖רֶת עַד־הַבֹּֽקֶר׃
모세가 그들에게 이르되 여호와께서 이같이 말씀하셨느니라 내일은 휴식이니 여호와께 거룩한 안식일이라 너희가 구울 것은 굽고 삶을 것은 삶고 그 나머지는 다 너희를 위하여 아침까지 간수하라
Rashi on Exodus
את אשר תאפו אפו THAT WHICH YOU WOULD BAKE, BAKE whatever you wish to bake (cf. Onkelos: די אתון עתידין למפא and Rashi on אז ישיר משה) in the oven bake to-day — all that you will need for two days; and what you require to boil of it in water boil to-day. The expression baking applies to bread, (cf. Rashi on Genesis 40:1) and the expression boiling to a cooked dish.
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Ramban on Exodus
BAKE THAT WHICH YE WILL BAKE. Rashi explained: “Whatever you wish to bake in the oven or boil in water, bake and boil today — all [that you require] for two days.” If so, the purport of the verse is as follows: “That which you would bake of the two omers you have, bake today, and that which you would boil of the two omers, boil now, and all that remaineth for you after eating to the full today, lay up for you to be kept until the morning.” In the morning [of the Sabbath-day], when the Israelites saw that it did not spoil, they came before Moses, since they did not want to eat the manna of yesterday even though Moses had permitted it to be kept until the morning. Then Moses permitted them to eat it on that Sabbath-day only “because it was for that purpose of which I said to keep it for a charge.” He further informed them of the reason of the commandment, for today ye shall not find it in the field,399Verse 25. since G-d does it so because it is a holy Sabbath unto the Eternal.400Verse 23 before us. It is possible that by saying and all that remaineth over, He did not set any measure for that. Rather, they could eat at will on the sixth day, as the remainder would suffice for the Sabbath, because it is the blessing of the Eternal.401Proverbs 10:22.
And Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra explained: “That which you would bake ordinarily — namely, the [daily] omer known to you — bake for your use today; and all that remaineth, namely, the second omer, lay up for you to be kept until the morning. At that time, Moses did not tell them what to do with the second omer. It was on the following morning [the Sabbath], that he told them, eat that today.”399Verse 25. But if so, they ate the manna on the Sabbath raw, without baking it or seething it in pots and making cakes of it as it was their custom to do.402Numbers 11:8. The first interpretation, [that of Rashi], is more correct, and so is the opinion of Onkelos.403Onkelos translated: “That which you intend baking, etc.” By adding the word athidin (intend), Onkelos intimated his understanding of the verse to be similar to that of Rashi: “that which you intend baking of the two omers, bake today, etc.” This is unlike the explanation of Ibn Ezra, who interpreted the verse as meaning: “that which you would bake ordinarily — [i.e., one omer] — bake today, and the other omer leave over till the morning,” thus resulting in their eating the omer on the Sabbath in an unprepared state.
And Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra explained: “That which you would bake ordinarily — namely, the [daily] omer known to you — bake for your use today; and all that remaineth, namely, the second omer, lay up for you to be kept until the morning. At that time, Moses did not tell them what to do with the second omer. It was on the following morning [the Sabbath], that he told them, eat that today.”399Verse 25. But if so, they ate the manna on the Sabbath raw, without baking it or seething it in pots and making cakes of it as it was their custom to do.402Numbers 11:8. The first interpretation, [that of Rashi], is more correct, and so is the opinion of Onkelos.403Onkelos translated: “That which you intend baking, etc.” By adding the word athidin (intend), Onkelos intimated his understanding of the verse to be similar to that of Rashi: “that which you intend baking of the two omers, bake today, etc.” This is unlike the explanation of Ibn Ezra, who interpreted the verse as meaning: “that which you would bake ordinarily — [i.e., one omer] — bake today, and the other omer leave over till the morning,” thus resulting in their eating the omer on the Sabbath in an unprepared state.
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Sforno on Exodus
את אשר תאפו, the portion of each day’s ration which they would bake in an oven. The subject has been referred to again in Numbers 11,8 as ועשו אותו עוגות “they would make it into cakes.”
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Rashbam on Exodus
'ויאמר אליהם הוא אשר דבר ה, already on the first day, but I did not tell you about it. Moses had deliberately waited until they would express their amazement at the phenomenon of a double portion on Friday in order to be able to explain to them that this was all in honour of the forthcoming Sabbath.
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Rabbeinu Bahya
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Siftei Chakhamim
What you wish to bake. . . Rashi is answering the question: What is the difference between תאפו and בשלו ? It seems redundant. [Rashi is also answering the question:] את אשר implies an action that had already been taken; otherwise it should say אם תאפו אפו . So if they had already baked and cooked, why should they bake and cook it again? Therefore Rashi explains that את אשר תאפו means, “What you wish to bake.”
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Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael
(16:23) "And he said to them: This is what the L rd had spoken" (viz. Ibid. 5), whereupon they asked him "When" (is Sabbath)? And he said to them (Ibid. 23) "Tomorrow." "What you would bake, bake": R. Yehoshua says: One who wanted "baked," would have it baked for him (of itself), and one who wanted "cooked" would have it cooked for him. R. Elazar Hamodai says: One who wanted something baked would taste all the "bakings" in the world (that he desired), and one who wanted "cooked" would taste all the "cookings" in the world. R. Elazar says: "on what is baked, bake; and on what is cooked, cook." How so? A festival that falls out on Friday, whence is it derived that it is forbidden to bake or to cook on it (for the Sabbath) unless he had made an eruv (tavshilin on Thursday for that purpose)? From "What you would bake, bake, etc." (i.e., bake on the strength of what you have already baked, and cook on the strength of what you have already cooked, so that the Friday baking or cooking is regarded as a continuation of that begun on Thursday and not as a preparation on the festival for the Sabbath).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
V. 23. שבתון. Wie bereits zu Bereschit 2, 2 entwickelt, ist שבת nicht ein Ausruhen von Anstrengung, sondern das Innehalten einer bis dahin fortgesetzten Tätigkeit. Es ist verwandt mit שפט ,שבט ,שפר ,שפת ,שות, die alle ein an die gehörige Stelle setzen bedeuten. Der שובת lässt die Hand von den bis dahin von ihm verändernd gehandhabten Dingen. Sie haben für ihn bereits die ihnen gebührende Gestalt und Stellung erreicht. Wie unvollendet sie auch noch an sich sein mögen, für die Zeit der שביתה hat er bereits das Seinige an ihnen getan, und, subjektiv betrachtet, d. h. im Verhältnis zu der von ihm zu lösenden Aufgabe, ist sie immer eine vollendete, sobald er seine volle Kraft im redlichen Dienste Gottes daran gesetzt. Ruft ihn Gott mitten aus der unvollendeten Arbeit ab, er hat sein Werk vollendet. Das ist die eine Seite der Idee des שבתון, der Werklosigkeit, die hier für den siebten Tag von dem jüdischen Menschen gefordert wird.
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Chizkuni
'הוא אשר דבר ה, “this is precisely what Hashem had said;” Moses refers to what we have read in verse 5 that the people on the Sabbath eve were to prepare the manna in anticipation of eating it on he Sabbath.
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Rashi on Exodus
למשמרת means as something put by (to be kept).
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Sforno on Exodus
אפו!, now, on the Sabbath eve.
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Rashbam on Exodus
אפו, actually, the letter א in אפו should have been written with a chataf segol just as in אכל, echol, from the root אכל, or emor, from the root אמר. This would have been a normal imperative mode. However, seeing that the tone-sign does not link it to the word following, this resulted in the vowel tzeyre, a longer sounding vowel, instead of the chataf segol we would have expected. I have not really found any other parallel of this construction in the Bible other than the word heyvu in Hoseah 4,18 אהבו הבו קלון מגיניה , “they love beyond measure-disgrace is the gift.”[a reproof to the priests who demanded too much from the people. Ed.]
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Siftei Chakhamim
For storage. As in, “It shall be stored away ( למשמרת ) for the B’nei Yisrael” (Bamidbar 19:9). But not as in, “Keep the watch ( משמרת ) of the Mishkon and the watch of the altar” (ibid. 18:5).
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
Der siebte Tag als Denkmal der Weltschöpfung und Weltherrschaft Gottes war bereits seit dem ersten siebten Welttag bekannt. Vielleicht trug er auch schon seitdem den Namen Schabbat, als Gottesschabbat, als der Tag כי כו שבת מכל מלאכתו, an welchem Gott die Schöpferhand von seinem Weltenwerk zurückzog und sie fortan in der ihr verliehenen Vollendung bestehen lässt. Wir haben schon zu dem ersten Schabbat (Bereschit 2, 1) den Gedanken entwickelt, wie eben die Negation, die Tatsache, dass seitdem Schabbat in der Schöpfung ist, d. h. dass vor unsern Augen keine neuen Schöpfungen entstehen und die gewordene Welt ein Ziel ihres Werdens gefunden, die Tatsache eben unabweisbar den frei schaffenden Schöpfer der Welt offenbare. Und Tag und Name mochte auch bis hierher im Kreise der Abrahamssöhne das Gottesbewusstsein wach und lebendig erhalten haben. Allein es war der Gottesschabbat noch nicht zum Menschenschabbat geworden, es war diesem Gottesbewusstsein noch nicht der Ausdruck gotthuldigenden Tatensymbols geworden, und es war gleichzeitig in diesem gotthuldigenden Tatensymbol noch nicht die Konsequenz aus diesem Gottesbewusstsein für die Weltstellung und Beziehung des Menschen zu Gott gezogen und dem Gottesbewusstsein in engster Beziehung zugesellt. Beides wird durch die hier beginnende Einführung des Schabbats in den jüdischen Menschenkreis und die Institution der Schabbatheiligung durch den Menschen vollbracht. Der Schabbat war längst da, das שבתון, die Begehung desselben durch das Menschen-Schabbatfeiern, war das Neue, darum steht es voran.
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Chizkuni
ואת כל העודף, “and any excess of the regular amount of manna” was intended for the two meals to be consumed on the Sabbath. It was not to be consumed on the night that had already passed. G-d had decreed especially that contrary to what had occurred during the week days, the excess had not become smelly and unfit to eat and worm ridden.
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Sforno on Exodus
ואת אשר תבשלו, and the portion of it which you want to prepare boiled, parallel to what is described in the corresponding chapter in Numbers as ובשלו בפרד, “they boiled it in a pot.”
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Rav Hirsch on Torah
שבת קדש לד׳ מחר erscheint als das Objekt von שבתון. Anordnend würde es heißen: תשבתו שבת קרש וגו׳, den Gott heiligen Schabbat sollt ihr durch שביתה begehen. der Gott heilige Schabbat soll durch eure שביתה zum Ausdruck kommen. שבתון שבת וגו׳ heißt somit: eine den Gott heiligen Schabbat begehende Werklosigkeit ist morgen. Der Schabbat, der in der Gesetzgebung am Sinai die ganze werkschaffende Tätigkeit des Menschen zu seinem Ausdruck beanspruchen soll, wird zuerst hier in die Nahrung suchende und Nahrung schaffende Tätigkeit des Menschen eingeführt. Durch Sistirung derselben — שבתון — soll sich der jüdische Mensch zuerst mit seinem Nahrungsstreben — diesem ersten und mächtigsten Antrieb zur Eroberung der Welt — Gott unterordnen, und wie der Gottesschabbat der Welt das Siegel der freien Gottesschöpfung aufdrückt, so drückt der Menschenschabbat der Menschenschöpfung, d. i. dem weltbezwingenden Schaffen des Menschen das Siegel der Gotteshörigkeit auf. Mit dem Schabbat stellt der Mensch sich und sein Werk in den Dienst Gottes. — Wie aber die für das Nahrungsstreben bedeutsamen Wahrheiten, die Warnung vor Trägheit und Habgier wie die Ermunterung zum Fleiße, die Warnung vor bekümmernder Sorge und vor gottverleugnendem Geiz in ihren einzelnen Momenten, gleichsam schrittweise dem Volke zum Bewusstsein gebracht wurden, also sehen wir auch die Momente der Schabbatwahrheiten einzeln dem Volke in Erfahrung gebracht. Hier zuerst die Bedeutung des Schabbats für die vorangehenden Werktage. Wenn sonst die Sorge für den andern Tag nicht der Sporn der Tätigkeit sein soll, so wird hier die Sorge für den Schabbat mit in die Obliegenheiten des jüdischen, Nahrung suchenden Menschen eingeführt. Nicht nur das Bedürfnis des Menschendaseins, auch das jüdische Bedürfnis soll Gegenstand unserer Sorge sein, und was wir über das menschliche Bedürfnis hinaus für מצות, für die Lösung jüdischer Aufgaben sammeln, verfällt nicht dem Wurm, steht unter Obhut göttlichen schützenden Segens.
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