申命記 22:4 註釋：Rashi, Ibn Ezra, Ramban & Rabbeinu Bahya

הקם תקים [THOU SHALT NOT SEE THY BROTHER’S ASS OR ANY OF HIS HERD FALL DOWN BY THE WAY, AND HIDE THYSELF FROM THEM] THOU SHALT SURELY RAISE UP — This refers to the duty of loading — to re-load the burden that fell from it.

fallen down is parallel in meaning to “lying” [Exodus 23: 5]; the former is simply a more general term.

In the commandment on assisting someone to lift up his burden, he added a warning thereon constituting a negative commandment [Thou shalt not see thy brother’s ass or his ox fallen down by the way etc.],¹²⁶Verse 4. for in the Torah He stated Thou shalt surely release it with him¹³¹Exodus 23:5. [i.e., by helping to unload the burden] which is a positive commandment [and thus we learn that in failing to render assistance one violates both a positive and a negative commandment].¹³²See “The Commandments,” Vol. II, pp. 254-255. He also adds [here the expression] fallen down by the way,¹²⁶Verse 4. for there He stated, lying under its burden,¹³¹Exodus 23:5. and He mentioned there only the ass¹³¹Exodus 23:5. because it commonly carries a great burden and, therefore, is liable to crouch under it. Also, here it says thy brother’s¹²⁶Verse 4. and there it states thy enemy’s,¹³³Exodus 23:4. and of him that hateth thee,¹³¹Exodus 23:5. meaning [here] to say, “Do thus to him [in assisting him], and remember the brotherhood between you and forget the hatred.”

עמו [THOU SHALT SURELY UPLOAD] WITH HIM — i.e. with the owner. But if he goes aside and sits down and says to him, “Since it is a duty for you to load it, if you want to load, go ahead and load!” — [“I” am not commanded to do it”], he is exempt from doing it (cf. Bava Metzia 32a).